Estimation Software for Civil Engineering

October 25, 2024September 22, 2024 by Engineer at site

Estimation Software for Civil Engineering

In civil engineering, Accurate and precise estimation has a huge Role in the success of any project. From Planning to budgeting to scheduling and Execution, Proper cost estimation is Necessary and Economical for managing resources like manpower and machinery efficiently and Completing and delivering a project within the stipulated time. Old Conventional and Traditional methods of estimating and Costing are highly Dependent on Excel Sheets and spreadsheets, Manual or one-by-one calculations, and intuition—which can lead to costly errors and delays. This is Why estimation software for civil engineering is necessary for time management and work efficiency.

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Estimation Software for Civil Engineering has Enhanced the Productivity and accuracy of the Infrastructure and other civil construction and civil engineering industries by mechanising the process of cost analysis and estimation, improving accuracy, and enhancing project management efficiency capacity as well. In This Post, We are Going to gain Deep Knowledge About the role of estimation software in civil engineering, its benefits, key features, and how it is Changing and Impacting the industry.

What is Estimation Software for Civil Engineering

Estimation software is a tool and platform in the form of Softcopy used by civil engineers, contractors, and project managers to calculate the costs of any construction project. These tools are used to calculate and estimate the cost and quantities of various activities of any project, like machinery, manpower, material and time, Just to find a detailed cost estimate. Estimation software can be different, from simple cost calculators and estimators to advanced platforms that Compile with other tools like project management systems, Building Information Modeling, and ERP software.

Civil engineering estimation software makes easier the process of creating estimates for large and complex projects by automating calculations, analyzing historical data, and adjusting for real-time market prices and Conditions.

Why is Estimation Software Necessary for Civil Engineers

Actual and Precise cost estimation is critical in civil engineering for Many reasons Few of which are described below:-

Budget Management:-

The main purpose of cost estimation is to make sure that the budget and cost of any project are within the limits and estimates. Inaccurate and rough estimations can lead to costs beyond limits, delays in project execution, and potential failures of the project.

Enhanced Decision Making:-

Estimation software gives ideas and a glimpse to Project managers and Engineers with the help of which they can make better and prompt decisions for Manpower, material, and Machinery Allocation, Procurement, and Scheduling of projects.

Risk Mitigation:

The risk is not estimated and Calculated precisely, and Unforeseen costs can derail a project in the sense of delays and overcosting, but with good estimation tools, civil engineers can anticipate potential risks and develop better plans to mitigate these risks.

Efficient Resource Allocation:-

Estimation software helps optimize the use of Manpower, materials, and machinery, ensuring that the project is going smoothly without unnecessary delays of work or waste.

Streamlining Collaboration:-

In large civil engineering Infrastructure and Construction projects, multiple stakeholders, architects, engineers, contractors, and clients need to be involved in the estimation process. Estimation software collaborates all by providing a centralized platform where everyone can access real-time data.

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Key Features of Civil Engineering Estimation Software

The latest estimation software is designed and manufactured with features that make it indispensable in civil engineering. Some of the most important features include as below-

Material Cost Calculation

Estimating the cost of materials is a major part of any civil engineering project. Estimation software calculates the total cost of materials based on current market prices and quantities needed for the project. This ensures that there is enough material for the work before starting the execution work, and helps avoid excess wastage.

Labor Cost Estimation

Civil engineering projects require skilled and unskilled Manpower at project sites, and calculating Manpower costs is necessary for budgeting accuracy. Estimation software factors in the hours required, labour rates, and the number of workers to determine total labour costs.

Project Scheduling

The Completion of a civil engineering project depends on predefined estimates, time and schedule of different activities. Many estimation tools integrate scheduling features, allowing project managers to assign tasks, set Targets, and track project progress Accurately in a realistic way.

Integration with BIM

Building Information Modeling has become an important factor in current civil engineering projects. Some estimation software integrates with Building Information Modeling systems to enhance project visualization, helping civil engineers to create more Precise estimates by understanding the physical , Practical and functional standards and specifications of the project.

Automation

The meaning and purpose of Automation are to the process of measuring materials, Manpower, and other resources needed for a project. Estimation software automates this process, ensuring that every aspect of the project is considered in the cost estimation. This automation also reduces the time required to complete the estimation, speeding up project planning.

Historical Data and Analysis

Most of the estimation platforms can store and analyze historical project data as and whenever required. By comparing current projects’ Costs and estimates with past ones, civil engineers can identify trends, refine their cost estimates, and make more accurate predictions for the Projects coming in future.

Real-Time Market Price

Estimation software in any civil Engineering Project can connect to databases that provide real-time updates on the price of materials, Mapower, machinery and equipment. This feature of software helps civil engineers to create estimates that reflect current market conditions, ensuring the accuracy of their budgets.

Risk Management Tools

Many estimation software include risk analysis features that help to identify potential issues, such as budget overruns or delays of the project, based on previous projects and current project estimates. This allows civil engineers to develop contingency plans and adjust their estimates accordingly.

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Advantages of Using Estimation Software in Civil Engineering

Using estimation software in civil engineering Projects Gives many benefits that ultimately improve the overall efficiency and accuracy of a project Cost, time and estimate or budget. These benefits are as below-

Enhanced Accuracy of the Project

Estimation software in Civil engineering might mitigate and eliminate the risk of human error, which is very common and usual in manual calculations. With automated cost calculations and Accurate data input, civil engineers can Believe that the estimates generated by the software are as accurate as possible.

Time Savings

Manually calculating costs and estimating is a time-consuming process, especially for large-scale civil engineering projects. Estimation software Accelerates the process by automating calculations, allowing engineers and project managers to focus on other critical activities.

Enhanced and Easy Collaboration

Many estimation tools and software are cloud-based, enabling multiple clients, and authorized individuals to access and work on the same estimate at a time. This is Easy collaboration between teams and ensures that everyone is on the same page throughout the project execution time.

Reduced Costs

Real and Accurate estimates can help to avoid unnecessary Expenditures and over-budget situations. By providing a clear understanding of costs and resource needs upfront, estimation software allows for better budget control and financial planning.

Compliance with Regulations

Many civil engineering projects have to follow local building codes, standards of practice, specifications and regulations. Estimation software often includes features that ensure compliance by integrating industry standards and guidelines into the estimation process.

Risk Mitigation

By providing a more accurate view of project cost estimates and potential risks, estimation software allows civil engineers to develop proactive solutions to challenges. This prevents unexpected mistakes and minimizes the probability of the budget being over-estimated or overrun.

Top Estimation Software for Civil Engineers

There are many popular estimation software and platforms used in civil engineering Nowadays, each offering unique features and advantages. Some of the top options are as below-

PlanSwift

PlanSwift is Majorly used in construction and civil engineering projects Estimating and costing. It offers tools for material estimation and costing, labour cost calculation, and seamless integration with other software. It is user-friendly, making it an option for both small and large projects.

ProEst

ProEst is a cloud-based estimation software and a platform designed for construction and civil engineering professionals. It includes features like material Estimates and Costing, cost estimation, and reporting. The cloud functionality feature of Proest allows users to access their estimates from anywhere, enhancing collaboration within the different integrated institutions and clients.

Sage Estimating

Sage Estimating is a very popular software platform that integrates with construction project management systems. It offers advanced features for material, labour, and equipment cost estimation, as well as a database of real-time pricing for materials comparing the current market.

Bluebeam Revu

Bluebeam Revu is primarily a PDF editing software, but it also offers powerful tools for estimation in civil engineering projects. Its markup and measurement tools are useful for creating precise estimates based on project drawings.

STACK

STACK is a cloud-based software specifically designed for construction Costing and estimation. It makes the process of calculating materials, labour, and equipment costs easy, and is useful for civil engineering projects involving large-scale infrastructure development.

Challenges of Using Estimation Software

After the estimation software has many advantages, it is not without its challenges. These challenges are as follows

Cost of Software and Platforms:-

Estimation software can be expensive, and the initial investment may be a barrier for smaller firms.

Learning and training of Software:-

Estimation software has been developed using high and modern technologies, it requires time and training for Users to fully utilize and learn its features.

Integration and Collaboration Issues-

Not all estimation software integrates easily with other tools, such as BIM or project management software, which can limit its usefulness.

Conclusion

Estimation software for civil engineering is Revolutionary in the Construction Field. It helps to find more accurate, efficient, and streamlined project planning, helping civil engineers avoid costly and estimation mistakes and meet project goals on time and within budget. As technology continues to advance, the role of estimation software will increase from time to time, making it an essential tool for civil engineers in the modern world. By adopting and Learning these platforms, civil engineers can ensure the success of their projects while promoting sustainability and innovation.

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Green Energy

October 25, 2024September 22, 2024 by Engineer at site

Green Energy:- What is Green Energy?

Green energy, Which is also known as renewable or sustainable energy, refers to power generated from natural sources that are replenished constantly and do not produce harmful emissions and ingredients like toxic gases, air pollution etc. These sources Soursec of green energy include solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass energy. The main potential of green energy stands in its ability to meet energy demands without the environmental degradation or Damages caused by traditional fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas.

Green Energy System

Types of Green Energy:

Solar Energy

Solar power Produces energy from the sun’s rays using photovoltaic (PV) panels or solar thermal collectors. Photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly into electric Power of Electricity, And thermal collectors use sunlight to heat water or air for various applications. Solar energy is abundant and accessible in most parts of the world, making it a leading source of green energy. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy produces no air pollution or greenhouse gases during operation. it is Efficiently and in Huge Quantities being Produced by All the Countries,

Wind Energy

Wind energy is Produced by wind turbines, which convert the kinetic energy of moving air into electricity or Electric Power. Wind farms with multiple turbines are often Situated and Established in windy areas such as coastal regions or open plains. Wind power Energy System is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy technologies, offering a clean alternative to fossil fuels. Wind turbines do not emit pollutants, although their installation can impact wildlife and require land use planning. The Setups of Wind Energy Can Easily be Constructed and Established without or with Minimal Effect on Nature.

Wind Energy System

Hydropower Energy

Hydropower System generates electricity by using the movement of water through dams, rivers, or tidal systems. It is one of the oldest and most established renewable energy sources. Hydropower stations can generate a steady and reliable electricity source by harnessing and Converting the kinetic energy of flowing water. However, the construction of large dams can have ecological and social impacts, including the displacement of communities and disruption of aquatic ecosystems.

Hydropower Generation System

Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy exploits the heat stored Under the Earth’s surface. In areas where the Earth’s crust thickness is less, such as near tectonic plate boundaries or volcanic regions, geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity or heat directly for buildings. This energy source is highly reliable and produces minimal emissions, but its availability is geographically limited to certain regions.

Geothermal Power Generation System

Biomass Energy

Biomass energy is derived from organic materials like wood, crop waste, and animal manure and waste Products. Through processes like combustion or anaerobic digestion, biomass can be used to generate heat, electricity, or even biofuels. Although biomass is renewable, its sustainability depends on proper resource management. If harvested unsustainably, biomass can contribute to deforestation and air pollution.

Biomass Energy System

Advantages of Green Energy

The Main and primary advantage of green energy is its minimal environmental impact. Just like fossil fuels, which release significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other pollutants, green energy sources emit little to no greenhouse gases. This reduction in emissions helps combat climate change, one of the most Dangerous global challenges today.

Moreover, green energy is renewable, meaning it is not subject to depletion and it is not going to Exhaust or end. As long as the sun shines, the wind blows, and rivers flow, these energy sources can be Utilised and Used indefinitely. This contrasts And Concepts sharply with finite fossil fuels, which are expected to run out in the coming decades.

Green energy also promotes energy independence. Countries that invest in renewable energy infrastructure can reduce their reliance and Dependency on imported fossil fuels, enhancing their energy security and economic growth as well as stability.

Challenges of Green Energy

After All Green Energy has many benefits, green energy faces many uncertain challenges as well. One of the most Important Factors is the intermittent nature of some renewable sources, like solar and wind, which are totally dependent on weather conditions. Energy storage technologies, such as Power batteries, are crucial for addressing this issue but still, these are being developed and Technologies are Being Enhanced to scale Up.

Further, the upfront costs for green energy installations can be higher than other and conventional energy sources. After all, these costs of Green Energy Power Generation Systems have been declining rapidly for a Long Time Ago as technologies improve and economies of scale are achieved.

Conclusion

Green energy represents a vital step towards a sustainable future for the World Power Generation System. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting energy & Power independence, and leveraging abundant natural resources, it holds the potential to transform the global energy landscape. While there are challenges to overcome, continued investment and innovation in renewable energy technologies can help create a cleaner, healthier planet for future generations.

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RRB JE Preparation Successful Strategy in 2024

October 25, 2024September 8, 2024 by Engineer at site

RRB JE Preparation Successful Strategy in 2024 CBT-1 And CBT-2

Hi, Dear all Aspirants, here in this article we are going to discuss about the most effective preparation strategy for RRB JE in 2024 For Computer based Test- 1(CBT-1) and CBT-2, Please be in the post and read it till the end.

RRB Je exam 2024 preparation strategy

Most Effective Preparation Strategy For RRB Je 2024:- Hi Friends Form Filling For the Post of Je IN RRB is Already Over and Now the Time is to Prepare for the Exam with Consistency and Dedication.

The Notification For 7951 Junior Engineer (Safety and Non-Safety), Depot Material Superintendent (DMS), Chemical Supervisor / Research, Chemical and Metallurgical Assistant (CMA), and Metallurgical Supervisor / Research Post was Released By the Railway Recruitment Board in July 2024 and Last Date for Online Form Submission was 29th August 2024,

Hopefully, The CBT-1 exam May Be Conducted in November or December 2024, That is why less time for preparation is Left, One Should Prepare for the Exam with full dedication, Consistency and an Appropriate time Table and Strategic Study Plan.

RRB Je Preparation Plan for Exam 2024:-

Hi Guys As we know the Computer-based test (CBT) or exam is Going to be Conducted Online Mode for the Recruitment of the Most Deserving Candidate within the Different Trades or Disciplines of Engineering, The RRB Je Exam is Most Awaited For which Lacs of Students have been Preparing to get Government Job as Junior Engineer in Most Respected Department of Indian Government. There in Large Number of Candidates are going to appear in the exam through different RRB’s and Different States, So having the Strategic approach and Robust study Plan with Proper Time Management One Can Get Qualified easily.

Preparation Overview for RRB Je 2024 Exam:-

the Railway Recruitment Board Conduct Various Exams, like ALP, NTPC, JE and many more to hired the Best deserving candidates,

RRB JE EXAM 2024 Highlights

Best Strategy For RRB Je 2024 Exam:-

A well-planned Je Exam Preparation Strategy is Very Much Crucial For Candidates Applied For the Post, The Competition is Going to be Very Tough. and The RRB Je Syllabus Includes Huge Diversified subjects including Technical Theories and objectives, GA/GS and Reasoning , General Intelligence, analytical ability, computer knowledge , english etc. and the alloted time for the exam is limited that is why only better strategy and plan can make any one to ge success in the exam of RRB Je 2024,

Strategy 1- Get into and Go through the Syllabus Deeply :-

To increase the chance of getting success in the RRB Je Exam 2024 one have to go through the syllabus deeply and understand it. The candidates are advised to understand the syllabus carefully as there are various subjects such as Technical and non-technical sections like General awareness, science, mathematics, general intelligence, Reasoning etc. are included,

Candidates can get an idea from the syllabus about which topics they have to focus on,

Get here the Brief of the Syllabus of RRB JE Exam 2024 from the table below it will be helpful for the candidates.

RRB JE SYLLABUS

Strategy -2 Get the Idea of Exam Pattern for RRB Je Exam 2024:-

The next strategy for preparation for RRB Je Exam 2024 is to master the exam pattern, to succeed in the exam the candidates need to become familiar with the exam pattern, Understand the style and structure of the question paper, Including types of questions, number of questions, number of sections, and number marking pattern and weightage of marks of all different topics and subjects the candidates can make a successful strategy to attend the maximum right question in the exam,

The RRB Je Exam Paper is divided into various parts and various sections with different topics, the 1st part and 1st stage there will be an objective type exam carrying 100 marks. it is divided into 4 different sections. the detailed exam pattern and weightage of several questions are given below in the attached table.

RRB Je Exam Pattern 2024

Strategy 3- Balanced and well planned Time Table:-

The Candidates have to follow a balanced time table to manage the time properly to allocate enough time for each subjects and topics according the requirements, Both the Sections and topics from Technical and Non technical subjects needs enough time for study as well as for revision.

Strategy 4- Mock Test practice and solving questions from books:-

For Securing Good Score and being in Competition with higher Marks a Lot of Practice is required, Candidates Should Take Mock Test Regularly for each Subjects and Topics for preparation for RRB Je, after attending the Mock Tests Candidates can get the ideas of Questions , types questions, can lean how to manage time while attending the exam,

Candidates Can Analyse themselves and find their strength and weakness after taking mock tests, it will help them to improve their strategy to perform better.

Not only mock test, few Popular Books also Can help to Students for preparation for the exam,

There are some popular authors’ Like R.S. Khurmi, J.K Gupta, S.P. Gupta & S.S. Gupta , Those books can be studied for Preparation, In These Books more than 10000 thousands Objective type questions can be solved and practiced, these question are collected from previous year Different Exams of JE and AE levels.

To purchase the Books directly From Amazon Please Click below links,

R.S. Khurmi – To purchase Click Here

Gupta & Gupta- To Purchase Click here

Non technical Books to purchase- Click here

Strategy 5- Attempting Previous Year Unsolved/Solved Questions and Answers:-

There are several advantages of Solving previous year questions from different JE level exams, with the help of this candidates can make them familiar with the difficulty level of the exam, type of questions, and overall structure of papers ,

Also solving Previous year questions will increase and boost the confidence of candidates,

Strategy 6- Mindfulness , Exercise , Meditation & Motivation:-

Over all Mindfulness and motivation is the most important factor to clear any exam, for this the Aspirants need to do regular exercises, Yoga, meditation etc. spend some time in playing too keep healthy, to keep motivated aspirants can talk to the friend , family members and other who are already successful in their field,

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Ductility, Ductility Test of Bitumen,

November 3, 2024July 16, 2020 by Engineer at site

Ductility Test of Bitumen

What is ductility test ?

Ductility Test of Bitumen -Definition

Distance of Elongation(Length of elongation) In centimetres to which the bituminous material gives before breaking when the briquette specimen of that bituminous material is pulled at a specified temperature and at a specified speed.

Ductility Test of Bitumen

The purpose of the Ductility test of bitumen is as follows:-

➱To know and measure the Ductility of any Bituminous sample or specimen.

➱To know the suitability of the material Wherever (Road or other Construction) Works it is going to be used.

Which factors may affect the value of the ductility Test of bitumen?

Apparatus For Ductility Test of Bitumen

1- Testing Machine➱

The testing Machine for Ductility is Designed in such a way for pulling the Briquette of bituminous material apart, In This machine The Specimen is Submerged in water continuously While Both side clips are pulled apart Horizontally at a uniform speed of 50 + or – 2.5 mm per minute.

Ductility Testing Machine

You must Read What is Soil Exploration and Soil Investigation

What is the maximum value of the Ductility Test of Bitumen?

2- Briquette Mould➱

A Mould Made of Brass is used, At both Ends of the mould Circular holes Are Made To grip The Fixed and Movable Ends Of the machine These Circular holes are called Clips, The Dimensions of the Briquette specimen After the mould is Properly assembled are as follows.

➱The Total Length is 75.0 ±0.5 mm.

➱ The Distance Between the Clips is 30.0 ±0.3 mm.

➱ Width at Mouth at clip 20.0 ±0.2 mm.

➱Width of Briquette at minimum cross-section 10.0 ±0.1 mm.

➱Throughout Thickness 10.0 ±0.1 mm.

Ductility testing machine with briquette mould

What is bituminous or Asphalt layers and Asphalt

3- Water Bath➱

A Water bath Preferably with a thermostat and a minimum capacity of 10 liters is used. It Maintains the Specified Testing temperature of 27.0 ±0.1 ℃.

4- Thermometer➱

A thermometer with a Capacity of 250 ℃ is used. Which can Read The temperature up to 0.01℃.

Principles of Ductility Test ➱

The Ductility test is performed as per standards in IS Code 1208-1978.

While Designing flexible pavements in road works, The Most essential and important factor is that the binder or the bituminous material should create a thin and ductile film all around the aggregate so that the physical interlocking of the aggregate gets improved, the ductility test of bituminous material gives the adhesive properties of bitumen and it’s the ability to get stretched.

The Distance in centimetres between two ends of a standard briquette specimen After elongation before breaking in Bituminous material due to being pulled apart at a specified temperature and speed is called the Ductility of That particular bituminous material.

If The binder material used in road construction has less ductility than specified, it will get cracked when it is subjected to repeated traffic loads. and will give a pervious pavement surface.

Laying of flexible pavement

What is the Wet mix macadam Layer and How is it Constructed

Procedure of Ductility Test➱

➱The Ductility test shall be conducted at a temperature of 27 ±0.5 ℃ and at a rate of pulling of 50 ± 2.5 mm/minute ( This Temperature and rate pull is taken in normal testing unless otherwise specified)

➱Melt the bitumen to be tested to a temperature of 75 to 100 ℃ above its approximate softening point till it becomes fluids.

➱Assemble the mould on a brass plate and coat on all the sides with a mixture of glycerin and dextrin of equal parts to avoid sticking of the material.

➱Fill the mould until it is more than level full.

➱In filling the mould, pour the material in a thin stream back and forth from end to end of the mould.

➱Leave it to cool at room temperature for 30 to 40 minutes and then place it in a water bath maintained at a specific temperature for 30 minutes.

➱Cut off excess bitumen by means of hot straight-edged putty knife level full.

➱The Brass Plate and mould with briquette specimen will be placed in water after cutting the excess bitumen and it will be kept at a specified temperature for about 85 to 90 minutes.

➱Remove the briquette from the plate, detach the sidepieces and test the briquette immediately.

➱While the test is being conducted, make sure that the water in the tank of the testing machine covers the specimen above by at least 25 mm and is maintained continuously within ±0.5 ℃ of specified temperature.

➱Attach rings at each end of the clips to the hooks in the testing machine and pull the two clips apart horizontally at a uniform speed as specified until the briquette raptures.

➱Measure the distance in centimetres through which the clips have been pulled to produce rapture.

➱At least Three determinations shall be made for each test.

Report ➱

➱Report the average of three normal tests as ductility of the sample, providing that, the three determinations are within ± 5 % of their mean value.

➱If the Value of three determinations does not lie within ± 5 % of their mean value but the two higher are within ± 5 % of their mean value, then record the mean of the two higher values as the test results.

Precision➱

➱The Duplicate test results should not differ by more than the values Given Below (For Road work).

Repeatability	Reproducibility
10 % of mean value	20 % of the mean value

Precautions In Ductility test➱

➱In the Filling of mould care shall be taken to see that no air bubbles shall be formed, and not to disarrange the parts and thus distort the briquette.

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STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

October 27, 2024June 17, 2020 by Engineer at site

STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

hello, In this post we will be going over The Laboratory procedure is used for a standard Proctor compaction test this Post will demonstrate how to conduct a standard Proctor compaction test in accordance with ASTM (American Society for Testing and materials) specifications.

This test was developed to evaluate the level of compaction on field of compacted soils In the proctor compaction test the soil is compacted into a mould as specific energy ➵➵➟comparable to the energy used in the field the laboratory practice is performed at varying moisture contents to establish a dry density versus moisture content plot.

From this plot the maximum value not weight and optimum moisture content can be determined the practical application of this test in geotechnical engineering is for compacted specification of soils the maximum dry unit weight obtained from this test can be used to determine the relative compaction of soils in the field.

EQUIPMENT’S FOR PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

The equipment required for the standard Proctor compaction test is➯

➱4-inch mould having
➱volume of one thirtieth of a cubic foot
➱collar,
➱standard Proctor compaction hammer measured weighing five-and-a-half pounds and dropping 12 inches to moisture content cans,
➱steel straight edge,
➱large mixing pan,
➱graduated cylinder capable of holding up to 250 millilitres
➱spray bottle,
➱metal spoon
➱knife we’ll also be needing
➱digital balance
➱oven for moisture content determination

In a sample extractor the soil that we will be performing the standard proctor compaction test on as a low clay silt obtained from the Mississippi River Valley the soil has been mechanically pulverized than air dried the lab documents pertaining to today’s lab can be found on blackboard the handout is posted there and is titled C 215 laboratory number five Proctor compaction testing in addition an ASTM standard pertaining to this lab is also posted ASTM the 46 98 pertains to practicum passion testing also available is today’s datasheet

PROCEDURE OF PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

The proctor compaction test consists of mixing soil with water to a predetermined moisture content the soil water mixture is then compacted into a mold of a specific volume with a standardized energy at low moisture contents.inter-particle friction will hinder compaction resulting in a low unit weight as moisture increases the friction in between the particle reduces and the particles will compact into a more dense pattern.

PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

At past a certain moisture content notice the optimum moisture content water will start to take the place of dry soil particles and the dry unit weight will again go down by conducting several standard Proctor tests at varying moisture contents.

This curve can be established in the maximum dry unit weight and corresponding moisture content can be determined to perform the proctor compaction test.

Start by weighing the empty Proctor mould without the collar, record the empty weight on your data sheet also weigh the two moisture content cups and record their weights as well, with a caliper record the dimensions of the mould so the volume can be calculated average three equally spaced diameter dimensions in three equally spaced Heights dimensions so that an accurate measurement of volume can be established way out approximately 2,000 grams of the provided air dried soil,

Now that we have our soil weighed out the desired amount of water to add to the soil must be determined the weight of the water that needs to be added to our soil can be determined from this equation,

The weight of the water equals the weight of the soil 2,000 grams in this case times the final moisture content minus the initial moisture content the final moisture content is the target moisture content which I have selected to be 15% the initial moisture content is all the water that is trapped inside the air dried soil,

This has been predetermined to be 2.5% with 2,000 grams of soil and initial moisture content of 2.5% in a target moisture content of 15% it can be determined that I need to add 250 grams of water to my soil or 250 millilitres obtain the correct amount of water from the tap and pour the water into the spray bottle using the spray bottle,

Add the water to the soil and start mixing it till it becomes a uniform color and consistency when all the water is gone and the soil soil has been mixed to an even and uniform consistency it is time to place the soil in the proctor compaction mold,

Start by placing the collar back on the proctor mould spoon enough soil into the mould that when compacted the soil mould will be filled approximately one-third of the height of the mould,

Now you want to place the mould on a hard surface such as a concrete floor and compact with the Proctor hammer compact the soil using the standard Proctor hammer use 25 blows spaced evenly throughout the layer for proper compaction,

After 25 blows take the mould back to the table scarify the surface and add more soil for the next lift scarify the surface of the first compacted layer with a spoon this will ensure that the second layer will bind to the first layer,

Well spoon enough soil into the mould so that when compacted approximately 2/3 of the height of the mould will be filled again take the mould to the concrete floor and compact it with the standard Proctor hammer,

The soil should fill the mould and extend past the top of the mould an eighth inch using the straight edge trim smooth the top of the soil mould using the leftover material fill any voids that might appear in the surface of the soil,

Remove all this loose soil around the mould and way the mould without the collar loosen the soil mould from the base with two hands carry the soil in the mould into the extractor and extract the soil from the mould,

Insert the soil and mold into the extruder with two hands carefully pick up the soil specimen and carried it into the other room,

After the sample has been extruded split the sample with your knife take samples from the top and the bottom and place them in the moisture cans,

For moisture content determination weigh the cans on the scale and record the weights place the cans in the oven in 24 hours ,remove the cans and record the dry weights the dry unit weight of the compacted soil specimen,

And the moisture content can be calculated from several iterations of this test a plot of the dry unit weight vs. moisture content can be determined from this plot the maximum dry unit weight and corresponding optimum moisture content can be determined .

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High Performance Concrete (HPC)

November 3, 2024June 13, 2020 by Engineer at site

High Performance Concrete (HPC)

High-Performance Concrete (HPC)

➤ The Performance Requirements of Hardened concrete or high-performance concrete are more or less well defined With respect to Shape, finish, strength, durability, shrinkage, and creep,

➤To achieve these objectives economically, the fresh concrete in addition to having a suitable composition in terms of quality and quantity of the materials should satisfy a number of requirements from the mixing stage till it is transported, placed in a framework and compacted,

Definition of high performance concrete➤

➤ High-performance concrete (HPC) can be defined as concrete that possesses high strength, work-ability, density, low permeability and resistance to chemical attack,

➤HPC is concrete that has been designed to be more durable and if necessary stronger than conventional concrete,

Introduction of high performance concrete➤

➤Deterioration, long term poor performance, and inadequate resistance to hostile environment led to the accelerated research into microstructure of concrete and hence the evaluation of high-performance concrete,

➤ Long-term performance of structures has become vital to the economics of a nation,

➤As a result, new materials and composites have been developed,

➤Today concrete structures with high compressive strength of 140 MPa are being built in United States and Europe,

Benefits for the designer➤

➤ The benefits of high-performance concrete to the designers are much more than those of high-strength concrete,

➤Designers can design smaller cross-sections,

➤Slender members,

➤High Elastic modulus,

➤Initial high early strength,

➤Rapid attainment of final creep level,

Benefits for the producer of high-performance concrete➤

➤In the Production of high-performance concrete Quality control in terms of raw materials and finished products is imperative,

➤Increased quality control leads to increased profitability and productivity of usual concrete,

How is high-performance concrete made?

Mechanism of high performance concrete➤

Under compressive loads, failure in normal concrete occurs either➯

➱Within the hydrated cement paste,

➱Along the interface between the cement paste and aggregate particle,

➱Aggregate,

To improve the strength and other properties it is necessary to strengthen these weak areas,

Improving the strength of hydrated cement paste can be done by➮

➤Reducing the water binder ratio and hence the usage of super plasticizing admixtures having high range water reduction capacity,

➤Using supplementary Cementitious materials,

Increasing the strength of the transition zone➮

➤Reducing water and cement ratio.

➤Using supplementary cementitious materials.

➤Ensuring proper coating of aggregates with cement paste.

➤Use of smaller-sized aggregates leads to homogeneous distribution of water.

Aggregate Failure➱

➤Due to Aggregates failure Cement paste material remains intact.

➤Failure plane propagates through the Coarse aggregate particles.

What are the two typical ingredients used in high performance concrete?

Ingredients of High performance concrete➤

➤Cement (O.P.C, blended Cements etc.)

➤Water,

➤Aggregates

➮Fine Aggregates

➮Coarse Aggregates

➤Admixtures

➤Supplementary Cementitious materials(Fly Ash, Silica fume, GGBS, etc.)

Cement➱

Cement Selection is critical to rheology and compressive strength.

➤Fineness of Cement

➮ From the Strength point of view, the finer the cement the better the concrete,

➮ From the Rheological point of view, The finer the cement the more reactive concrete,

Water➱

➱Chilled water is added to reduce the concrete temperature,

➱ice flakes are added as a part of mixing water,

Aggregate➱

Strength of aggregate depends on the nature of the parent rock Prepared from.

➱Avoid rocks with weak cleavage planes of severely weathered.

➱Fine aggregates should be rounded and uniformly graded.

Admixtures➱

Super plasticiser➮

➱Disperses Cement Particles within the mix.

➱Reduces the Amount of mixed water.

➱Controls the rheology of very low water/binder ratio mixtures.

➱solve slump loss problems.

Supplementary Cementitious materials➱

➱Ground Granulated blast-furnace slag.

➱Fly ash (low Calcium, high calcium).

➱Silica flume or micro silica.

➱ Natural pozzolana (meta kaolin, rice husk ash).

Aspects of High-performance concrete in fresh state➱

➱Batching and mixing.

➱Tests in fresh HPC concrete.

➱Placement and Compaction.

Batching and Mixing➱

➱Batching of individual materials must be accurate.

➱Longer mixing time is required to ensure homogeneity as the mix is usually sticky.

➱Mixing time of 90 seconds is recommended.

Tests on Fresh HPC Concrete➱

Following tests on fresh high-performance concrete is carried out.

➱Slump / Flow table

➱Air content

➱Temperature

➱Unit weight

➱Setting time of mix

➱Bleeding

➱Slump retention and Pump-ability

Placement and compaction of High performance concrete➱

➱Concrete mix is carried from the batching plant with the help of transit mixtures.

➱Method of placing is mostly by pumping.

➱Compaction is by both External as well as internal means.

Test on Hardened high performance concrete➱

The following tests are carried out on hardened high-performance concrete.

➱Compressive strength (Cube and Cylinder)

➱Split Tensile strength.

➱Modulus of elasticity.

➱Water permeability.

➱Rapid Chloride penetration test(RCPT)

Durability of HPC➱

➱Durability of Concrete can be defined as the resistance of concrete to deteriorating influences which may be inside the concrete itself or which may be present in the environment to which it is exposed.
➱ The durability of Concrete Largely depends on the ease with which fluids, both liquids and gases, can enter into and move through the concrete. This property is known as the permeability of concrete.

The durability of HPC: Carbonation➱ ͏͏͏

➱ In Presence of Moisture CO2 Present in Air reacts with Ca(OH)2 to form CaCO3.
➱ Carbonation causes the reduction in pH of pore water from between 12.6 to 13.5 to about 9.
➱ Steel embedded in concrete forms a thin passivity layer of oxide which remains only with high pH.
➱ As The pH reduces the oxide layer is removed and the corrosion of steel starts, its volume increases and creates tensile stresses in concrete.

Durability of HPC: Chloride attack➱

➱ The primary action in chloride attack is the corrosion of steel and consequently damage to surrounding concrete.
➱ As long as the oxide film on steel is present, The steel remains intact.
➱ Chloride ions destroy the film and in the presence of water and oxygen corrosion occurs.
➱ Corrosion does not occur in dry or fully submerged concrete but occurs in alternate wetting and drying and relative humidity of 70-80 %.
➱ Chlorides can be present in concrete through the use of contaminated aggregates, seawater or chlorides in admixture.
➱ According to I.S. total chloride content in cement should not exceed 0.05% by mass of cement.
➱ I.S. 456-2000 states that total Chloride content in concrete should not exceed .4 and .6 kg/cum for pre-stressed and reinforced/plain concrete containing embedded metal respectively.

Durability of HPC: Sulphate attack➱

➱ Common sulphates present in soil and groundwater are sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium.
➱ Sulphates present in solution react with hydrated cement paste.
➱ Sodium sulphate attacks Ca(OH)2 and gypsum is deposited, Ca(OH)2 Can Also be completely leached out.
➱ Magnesium sulphate attacks calcium silicate, calcium aluminate hydrates and also Ca(OH)2.

➱ Calcium sulphate attacks calcium aluminate hydrate (C3A) forming ettringite.

➱ Ettringnite formed has a higher volume and causes expansion in concrete.

Durability of HPC: Alkali Aggregate Reactivity➱

➱ Reaction between active silica constituents of aggregates and alkali in cement forms alkali-silicate gels in planes of weakness or either in pores or surface of aggregates.
➱ The reaction starts with an attack on siliceous minerals in aggregates by alkaline hydroxide in pore water derived from the alkalies(Na2O or K2O) in cement.
➱This gel is of unlimited swelling type, absorbs water and causes an increase in volume.

Development Of HPC Mixes➱

➱ Computing the Target strength.
➱ Estimating mixing water content.
➱ Calculation of water to cementitious material ratio.
➱ Selection of percentage of SCM.
➱ Selection of fine to total aggregate ratio.
➱ Calculation of aggregate contents.
➱ Selection of Superplasticiser dosage.
➱ Trial mix and testing.

Development Of HPC Mixes with Fly Ash➱

Approx mixing water for 20 mm aggregate and 100 mm slump

Fly Ash Content	Water kg/Cum
30	155+5 or 155-5
40	150+5 or 150-5
50	145+5 or 145-5

➱ Selection of fine to total aggregate – Normally 25-40 % is used depending upon the grade of concrete, nominal size of aggregate and workability required.
➱ Calculate aggregate content based on the absolute volume method.

Where is high performance concrete used?
What is high performance concrete used for?

All Necessary Factors➱

Specifications for Bandra – Warli Sea Link Project➱

➱ Selection of water/binder ratio sufficient enough to achieve the target strength with special consideration from a durability point of view.
➱ Use of Supplementary Cementitious material together with a low water to binder ratio to make concrete structure more dense with a minimum volume of capillary pores, hence making it more durable.
➱ Water content in the mix is required to be kept at the lowest practical so as to minimize drying Shrinkage.
➱ Limiting the heat generation (especially in mass concrete) by keeping the total OPC content in the mix to the minimum required.
➱ Use of high-range water reduction admixtures to achieve the required workability.

Bandra-Warli Sea link under construction

bandra-Warli Sea link

Project Specification➯

Grade of Concrete- M60
Target Strength – 74 MPa
Max.Water / Binder ratio – < .35
Permeability – Less than 25 mm as per DIN 1048

Ingredients (Kg/cum)	Earlier Mix	Modified mix
Cement	320	300
Fly ash	110 (25 %)	196 (40 %)
Micro silica	43	40
Total cementitious material	473	536
total water	127	136
W/C ratio	.27	.25
Coarse aggregate	947	1077
fine aggregate	947	750
Admixture	15.1	10.9

Properties	Earlier Mix	Modified Mix	% (Modified/Earlier)
Compressive Strength (MPa)
3 days	39.8	39.3	98.7 %
7 days	56.9	54.8	96.3 %
28 days	78.1	74.7	95.6 %
56 days	79.4	80.9	101.9 %
91 days	80.9	92.2	113.9 %

Durability properties	Field results
Water Permeability @ 28 days	NIL
RCPT @ 28 days	657 Coulombs
RCPT @ 91 days	432 Coulombs

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Soil Nailing , Soil Nailing Technique, Types of soil nailing

October 27, 2024May 30, 2020 by Engineer at site

Soil Nailing, Soil Nailing Technique, Types of Soil Nailing

Soil Nailing

SOIL NAILING AND SOIL NAILING TECHNIQUE

INTRODUCTION OF SOIL NAILING➱

Soil
Nailing Is a process To Make The soil or Soil fill More Able to resist
loads (direct loads, Shear Loads Radial loads etc) Or to Make it more
stable,Soil nailing Reinforces soil hence the soil becomes more
stable,

Generally
Soil Nailing Technique is used in steep sloppy areas, high fill areas, High
embankment, retaining walls And other Structures where There is more chance of
failure of soil,

Here in
In this post we are going to describe about soil nailing process, soil nailing
technique, types of soil nailing and its applications,

How does a soil nail wall work?

SOIL NAILING PROCESS- TECHNIQUE➱

What is soil nailing technique?

In the
Process or Technique of Soil Nailing The Soil Is Reinforced With An Element
Such As Self Drilling Anchor bars or Reinforcing Bars Which Are
called Nails See in the fig.

These Self
Drilling Anchor bars or Reinforcing Bars are installed into Self Drilled holes
or pre-drilled holes and after it grouted with contentious mix,

These Self
Drilling Anchors or Reinforcing bars are installed at an angle of 5 to 20
degrees with vertical generally or any other angle which is specified,

As The
Drilling Work Proceeds,The concrete, Shotcrete or any other Drilling materials
are used on The drilled face to grout the nails,

Soil nailing Details

MACHINERY REQUIRED FOR SOIL NAILING➱

➤Grouting and mixing Equipments,

➮ High-speed shear Colloidal mixer, Grout pump,

➤Drilling Equipment,

➮Rotary Air Flushed and water Flushed drilling machine, tricone bit , Rigid Drill Rods,

➤Compressor,

➤Shotcreting Or Guniting Equipment,

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR SOIL NAILING➱

➤Reinforcing Steel Rods Or Nails,

➤Self drilling anchor(SDA) bars,

Self Drilling Anchor

➤Shotcrete, Concrete or Any other grouting material,

➤Grout mix,

ORIGIN
OF SOIL NAILING TECHNIQUE➱

➤The
soil nailing technique was first time implemented in France near Versailles for
a Railroad widening Project in 1972,

Soil nailing

➤The soil nailing Technique in United States was used first time for the support of a
13.7-metre deep foundation excavation in dense silty sand in 1976,

TYPES OF SOIL NAILING -METHODS➱

How do you install soil nails?

Following
Are the Various Types of Soil Nailing Methods or process,

Inserting nails and fixing plates soil nailing

Using Shotcrete and grouting

1-Grouted
Soil Nailing or Drilled Soil Nailing

➤In
This type of Soil Nailing and drilling is done on the Wall or the Slope Face
Where nailing is Required,

➤Then
The nails are inserted in the Drilled Holes,

➤After
it the Drilled hole is Filled with Cement Slurry, Shotcrete or any other
Grouting Material,

➤The
The diameter Of Nails Are Taken From 100 mm to 200 mm And the Spacing between each
nails Are Taken 1.5 meters,

Grouted soil nailing

2- Driven
Soil Nailing

➤This
Type Of Soil Nailing Is used for temporary Stabilization of Slopes,

➤This
Soil Nailing Is Faster Than Other nailing methods,

➤In
In this Soil Nailing Method, The Reinforcement bars are inserted in the face of
slope While the Excavation Activity is Going On,

➤The
The diameter of Reinforcing bars is normally 19 mm to 25 mm, Which is Smaller in size
as Compared to Others,

➤The
Spacing between Nails is Provided 1 meter to 1.2 meter,

➤In The
Driven Soil Nailing There is no Protection of Nails from Corrosion And Rusting,

Driven soil nailing

3- Self
Drilling Soil Nailing

➤Self
Drilling Anchors (SDA) Bars or Hollow bars are used in self-drilling soil
nailing,

➤Bars
are inserted and Drilled into the surface, and at the same time Grout is
injected While the Drilling Process is going on,

➤In
Self Drilling Soil nailing The Self Drilling Anchors Or hollow Reinforcing Bars
Are More Protected From Corrosion and rusting as compared to Driven soil
nailing method,

➤This
is Faster Than Driven Soil Nailing,

Self drilling soil nailing

4-Jet
Grouted Soil Nailing

➤In
This Soil nailing method,The water jets Are used for eroding The Soil To make
holes in the surface,

➤After
it the Reinforcing Steel Bars Are inserted and fitted in the ready holes and
grouting is done with shotcrete, Concrete or Other Grouting materials,

➤In Jet
Grouted Soil Nailing The Reinforcing Steel bars are protected From corrosion
and rusting,

Jet grouted soil nailing

5-
Launched Soil Nailing

➤In
launched soil nailing, The Reinforcing steel bars are inserted Forcefully into
surface in a single shot with the help of of highly compressed air mechanism,

➤In
This Method The Installation process of nails is fast, But it is difficult to
control over length of bars penetrating the surface,

➤The
length of Reinforcing nails is around 6 meter and the diameter is 38 mm,

Launched soil nailing

APPLICATIONS
OF SOIL NAILING➱

➤Soil
nailing is used for the stabilization of Existing Retaining walls,

➤In
Excavating retaining structures in urban areas for high-rise buildings and
underground utilities,

➤In
Eradicating and Redemption of Landslide,

➤Stabilizing
the Roadways, Highways, and expressways embankments and steep slopes,

➤Retrofitting
and construction of abutments of bridges,

➤Steep
cutting stabilization,

➤Stabilization
of over steep existing embankments,

➤Providing
long-term stability to existing concrete structures without demolition and
rebuilding costs,

➤Temporary
excavation shoring,

➤Stabilization
of Railroad cut slopes,

➤For
Strengthening The Tunnel portals in steep and unstable slopes,

➤For
Stabilization of Slopes in hilly areas where roads are constructed, where
movement of vehicles, people or animals is more,

Soil nailing

ASSUMPTIONS
AND CONSIDERATIONS IN INSTALLATION OF SOIL NAILS➱

➤Soil
Nailing Should be started within some limit of time after excavation, any delay
may lead to the collapse of soil slope,

➤Reinforcing
bars or soil nails must penetrate beyond the slip plane into the passive zone
for 4 meters to 5 meters,

➤Metallic
reinforcement soil nails get corroded,

➤The
The area occupied by Reinforcing soil nails is sterilized and the site posed
constraints to the development in future,

Soil nailing Anchor plates

What is a soil nail wall?

ADVANTAGES
OF SOIL NAILING➱

What are the advantages of soil nailing?

➤With
the help of soil nailing the erosion of soil of high fill, high embankment or
steep slope can be avoided,

➤After
soil nailing The age, durability and stability increase,

➤Soil
nailing is suitable for confined locations with difficult access As the
The equipment required for soil nailing is small and mobile to use,

➤The
failure of the soil nailing system is ductile that’s why it provides
warning signs before failure,

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ASPHALT, ASPHALT CONCRETE, BITUMINOUS CONCRETE LAYERS

October 27, 2024May 28, 2020 by Engineer at site

ASPHALT, ASPHALT CONCRETE, BITUMINOUS CONCRETE LAYERS

Bituminous Concrete layer

ASPHALT, ASPHALT CONCRETE, BITUMINOUS CONCRETE LAYERS

What is Asphalt Concrete ?:➤

➤Basically Asphalt Concrete is Just Aggregate Coated With Asphalt Cement.. and Then Compacted.

There Are Three Basic Elements To The Compacted Mix.

➱1-Aggregate Particles,

➱2-Asphalt Cement,

➱3-Air Voids,

What is meant by bituminous concrete?
What is the difference between bituminous concrete and asphalt?
What is BM and BC?

INTRODUCTION ➤

➤Asphalt is a Mixture of Bitumen of Tar with aggregate,

➤Bitumen Is an Extract of Petroleum Crude,

➤Crude Oil is formed by the decomposition of dead marine microorganisms in the absence of air or oxygen,

➤Bitumen is waste collected during the distillation of petroleum crude,

ACTIVITIES IN ASPHALT WORK ➤

➤Dense Bituminous Macadam( DBM) Or Bituminous Macadam(BM),

➤Bituminous Concrete(BC) OR Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete(SDBC),

➤Prime Coat – SS 1

➤Tack Coat -RS 1

What is DBM and BC?

What is DBM and BC in road construction?
What is BC layer in road construction?

MATERIALS IN ASPHALT CONCRETE ➤

➤Aggregate,

➤Bitumen,

➤Mineral filler (Lime/Cement/Rock Dust),

➤ Anti-striping Agent,

Asphalt Concrete Materials

MATERIALS PROPERTIES(AS PER BELOW TABLES)

PAVING OPERATION ➤

CHECKS BEFORE PAVING(PRE-PAVING ACTIVITY)➱

➤Check The Trucks Are Adequate,

➤Check The Production capacity and Paving Capacity is Matching,

➤Check The Rollers Are Adequate,

➤Check The string line, Thermometer, and other tools are ready,

➤Check the screed Of the Paver is Heated As much as Required, (Maximum up to mix Temperature),

➤Check The screed is Blocked to the required loose thickness,

➤Check The Cold Joints are cleaned and applied with a tack coat,

➤Check The Cleaning Should Be done Properly Before Applying tack coat, The Surface Should be Free From loose particles, Dust, Or any other Deleterious Material,
➤Paver Level Sensor To be Set For Required Level Given Of String Wire Or Average Beams,

CHECKS DURING PAVING ➱

➤Tack Coat Should be Applied Uniformly With the rate of Spray of 2.5 to 3 kg per 10 Square meter area,
➤Total Area Should Be covered With Tack Coat,
➤Start The Unloading Of the Truck into the paver, After checking The Temperature Of Mix,
➤Loose Thickness Should Be Checked With a Thickness Gauge Regularly in some Interval of Time, and Length,
➤Check The Camber with line rope, taper.
➤If any Segregated area is Found spread the fines with shovels prior to rolling,
➤Check for Rolling Should Be done As per the Rolling pattern,

SURFACE FINISH ➤

➤The tolerance in level should be in between +/- 6 mm,
➤The Core Density should be 92 % of Lab GMM.
➤Road Unevenness index shall be less than 2000 mm per kilometre for road works,
➤The Mix Binder Content shall be +/- .3% of Designed OBC,
➤Surface Regularity DBM, BC shall be +/- 6 mm , +/- 3 mm,

TRANSVERSE JOINT MATCHING➤

➤The Joint Should be rolled parallel to the joint,

➤These joints are to be Rolled without vibrations,

LONGITUDINAL JOINTS MATCHING➤

➤Compact The joint during breakdown Rolling,

➤If two pavers are Working in echelon ,then the roller in the second lane shall roll the joint,

PLANT OPERATIONS➤

CHECKS DURING PRODUCTION➤

➤Feed The aggregate to the plant to get the design mix,
➤Maintain The Bitumen Temperature at 150 degrees Celsius,
➤Maintain the aggregate Temperature at 160 to 170 degree Celsius,
➤Ensure The Mix temperature should be Between 140 to 150 degree Celsius,
➤Clean the Vehicles Neatly,
➤Load The mix onto Trucks and Cover it with Tarpaulins and Haul to site,
➤ Check The temperature at plant, and site and record it,

ROLLING PATTERN➤

➱The Rolling process should start 12 to 15 inches from the lower unsupported edge as the un-compacted edge provides the initial confinement during the first pass, thus minimizing lateral movement of the mix. ⇩
➱Succeeding pass should move to the edge once the central portion of the spread is compacted to some degree because the mix will support the roller and allow the edge to be compacted without lateral movement,

REQUIRED MACHINES➤

Some important machines are required for the Laying of Asphalt concrete, Bituminous Concrete Layer ,

1➮Paver machine

Paver machine

2➮Tendem Rollers

Tandem Roller

3➮Pneumatic Tyre Rollers

PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLER➤

What is a pneumatic tyre roller?

➤The Pneumatic tyre roller(PTR) is tire mounted roller with having smooth tyre surface,
➤It’s Weight can be adjusted according to the requirement(Generally 16 to 18 mt for bituminous layers rolling is used),
➤It is used for Compaction and kneading action,
➤Longitudinal movement of the mix doesn’t take place unless the dia. is very low,
➤Horizontal forces are minimized with the use of larger diameters.
➤The movement of the mix under the tyre tends to be lateral,
➤The humps created during breakdown are of no significance and can be cleared in subsequent passes,
➤Under normal conditions, when the roller is on top of a firm mat it has no horizontal thrust as the tire flattens on the bottom which permits a 100 % vertical force,

PTR

CONDITIONS FOR PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLERS TO BE EFFECTIVE➤

➤The most effective pressure is the highest pressure that can be used without overstressing the mix,

➤Pressure for normal Highway work when the tyre is hot is 90 psi and 70-75 psi when the tyres are cold,

➤Nine A wheel roller is used commonly,

➤Weight per wheel should not exceed 2000 to 3000 pounds,

➤Rim diameter for tyre -20 inches,

➤Tire width – 9 or 11 inches,

➤While compacting water should not be used on the tyres,

SUMMARY TABLE OF INFLUENCES OF COMPACTION➤

ITEMS	EFFECTS	CORRECTIONS
AGGREGATE
➮Smooth Surfaced ➮Rough Surfaced ➮Unsound ➮Absorptive	➮Low inter-particle friction ➮High inter-particle friction ➮Breaks under steel-wheeled rollers ➮Dries-Mix difficult to compact	➮Use light rollers, Low mix Temperature, ➮Use Heavy Rollers ➮Use Sound Aggregates, Use pneumatic rollers, ➮Increase asphalt in mix
ASPHALT
Viscosity
➮High ➮Low	➮Particles Movement Restricted ➮Particles moves easily during compaction	➮Use heavy rollers, Increase temperature, ➮Use light rollers
QUALITY
➮High ➮Low	➮Unstable and plastic under roller ➮Reduce Lubrication – difficult compaction	➮Decrease asphalt in mix ➮Increase asphalt in mix,Use heavy rollers
MIX
➮Excess Coarse aggregate ➮Over-sanded ➮Too much filler ➮Too light filler	➮Harsh mix – difficult to compact ➮Too workable – difficult to compact ➮Stiffens Mix-difficult to compact ➮Low cohesion – mix may come apart	➮Reduce coarse aggregate,Use heavy rollers ➮Reduce sand in mix,Use light rollers, ➮Reduce filler in mix,Use heavy rollers ➮Increase filler in mix
MIX TEMPERATURE
➮High ➮Low	➮Difficult to compact-mix lacks cohesion ➮Difficult to compact-mix to stiff	➮Decrease mixing temperature ➮Increase mixing temperature
COURSE THICKNESS
➮Thick lifts ➮Thin lifts	➮Hold heat – more time to compact ➮Lose heat – Less time to compact	➮Roll normally ➮Roll before mix cools, Increase mix temperature
WEATHER CONDITIONS
➮Low air temperature ➮Low surface temperature ➮Wind	➮Cools mix rapidly ➮Cools mix rapidly ➮Cools mix-crusts surface	➮Roll before mix cools ➮Increase mix temperature ➮Increase lift thickness

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GRANULAR SUB BASE CONSTRUCTION – GSB CONSTRUCTION

October 27, 2024May 24, 2020 by Engineer at site

GRANULAR SUB-BASE CONSTRUCTION – GSB CONSTRUCTION

GSB Construction

GRANULAR SUB BASE CONSTRUCTION

FUNCTION:➱

It Acts as a Drainage layer for The pavements to avoid excessive wetting and weakening of the subgrade.

In Strength, it is superior as compared to the subgrade, various materials and techniques are used for the construction of the base course.

It is an intermediate layer between the subgrade and granular base course.

What is a granular sub-base?

What is a granular sub-base in road construction?

If The Thickness of the base layer provided in the design permits,

➤The sub-base layer shall have two sub-layers.⇩

➤Drainage layer and the filter layer.

➤The upper layer of the sub-base functions as a drainage layer to drain away the that enters through surface cracks.

➤The lower layer of the base should function as a filter/separation layer to prevent intrusion of sub grade soil into the pavements.

permeability testing of GSB

If the thickness of the granular sub-base layer is less than or equal to 200 mm.

➤Both drainage and filter layers can not be provided separately ( considering the minimum thickness requirements as per 7.2.2).

➤ For such cases, a single drainage-cum-filter layer with GSB gradation Ⅴ or Ⅵ of MoRTH specification may be provided.

MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS:⇨

➤Natural sand,

➤Crushed gravel,

➤Crushed stone,

➤Crushed slag,

➤Brick metal,kankar and crushed concrete is permitted in the lower sub-base,

➤Shall be free from organic or other deleterious constituents,

➤Shall satisfy the grading requirements as is explained below,

➤shall satisfy the physical requirements as it is explained below,

materials required for GSB

grading requirements

physical requirements

Is code for a granular sub-base?

What is the Type 1 granular sub-base?

What is the granular subbase used for

What is a granular base course

What is the size of GSB

GRANULAR SUB BASE CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

TOE LINE FIXING:➩

➤The Toe line/fixing of pegs to mark the limits of the Granular sub-base shall be done before the commencement of work.

➤The width of pavements for the toe line shall be calculated by referring to the drawing with due consideration to formation width plus the offsets and slopes of different layers’ depth the current layer from the formation road level( FRL).

grading and rolling of GSB

HAULING AND DUMPING:➯

➤The Required Quantity of GSB shall be Calculated and informed to the GSB Dumping Supervisor or Staff at the site,

➤Dumping Patterns Such as to ensure uniform Spread shall be determined and explained to the dumping supervisor or staff,

➤The materials for GSB shall be hauled to by tippers and dumped on the bed in a predetermined pattern,

GSB Material Quantity Calculation

How is base course aggregate calculated

What is base course material

What is GSB material

GRANULAR SUB BASE CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

SPREADING AND GRADING:➯

➤The materials shall be up to the required thickness,

➤Control pegs at every 10 meters along centre line shall be fixed on both sides of the bed in such a manner That they are not disturbed by the movements of the grader,

➤Required level shall be marked on the pegs with suitable vertical offsets,

➤After rough initial spreading, a cotton/nylon string line(line dori) shall be held at the marks on the control pegs on both sides,

➤ The height of String line from the bed top is measured at fixed horizontal offsets from the center line,

➤The grader operator shall be directed according to the measurement in the above step to cut and fill material at every point,

➤Each grader run shall overlap by at least 1/3rd of the bled length,

➤Most important if any suggestion is observed, instruct the operator to correct the same while grading,

WATERING:➱

➤The moisture content shall be checked for OMC and if it is less than required water may be added by sprinkling and if it is more than required, shall be allowed to dry by exposure to the sun,

➤The moisture content shall be adjusted with allowance for evaporation losses in a manner to achieve 1 % above to 2 % below OMC During compaction,

COMPACTING:➱

➤Before the commencement of compaction and while spreading the GSB all the oversize materials available more than 2/3rd the thickness of the layer shall be removed manually,

➤The compaction shall be done mechanically using vibratory rollers of 80 to 100 KN static weight for the entire width of the pavement,

➤The rolling shall commence from the lower edge and proceed towards the upper edge, each pass of the roller shall overlap 1/3rd of the proceeding pass,

➤During the compaction, any low spots shall be filled with the material of the same properties and high spots shall be excavated and removed manually,

➤ The number of passes shall be decided beforehand by conducting trial,

➤Each layer shall be tested by sand replacement method,

RECTIFICATION:➱

➤If The surface is higher than the required level the defective area shall be trimmed off and compacted,

➤If the surface is lower than the required level the defective area shall be sacrificed, fresh material shall be placed and compacted,

BUMPING:➱

➤If The surface is exhibiting bumping then the material in the defective area shall be removed to full depth and fresh material will be placed and compacted,

SEGREGATION:➱

➤If segregation is observed then the material from the defective area shall be removed to full depth and either made good and replaced or replaced by fresh material,

GSB Construction

QUALITY CONTROL TEST AND THEIR FREQUENCY

➤Gradation at a frequency of 1 test for every 200 cum,

➤Moisture content test as per IS 2720 Part-2 at a frequency of 1 test for every 250 cum at the time of spreading and rolling,

➤MDD and OMC As per IS 2720 Part-8 at a frequency of 2 test per 3000 cum,

➤Laboratory determination of CBR as per IS 2720 Part-16 as required,

➤Atterberg’s limits at a frequency of 1 test per 200 cum,

➤Field Density test as per IS 2720 Part-28 at a frequency a set of test for every 1000 sqm to a minimum of 6 tests up to 3000 sqm, if nuclear density meter is used the frequency shall be doubled,

PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES IN GSB CONSTRUCTION

PROBLEMS

REMEDIES

➤ GSB bed compaction less than required

➤Variation in surface level

➤Over burden materials mixed during preparation of GSB material,

➤Approved GSB bed

➤GSB Material Dumped Over moist or Wet Surface

➤Required Compaction should not be less than 98 %,
poor Compaction may lead to settlement
➤surface level tolerance limits:➯
for Sub grade:- +/- 20 mm,
for GSB :- +/- 10 mm,
The Surface level shall be maintained within the tolerance limits else may impact of required thickness of next layer,
Rework may occur due to unacceptable tolerance,
➤Gradation:➯ specified gradation as per approved design
Liquid limit and Plasticity Index:➯ Max 25 And max. 6,
In such case, specified gradation and plasticity index limit shall be ensured before loading the GSB materials or at least before spreading.
Chances of Impact on the drainage properties,
➤At actual completely disturbed bed due to the following reasons,
➯Poorly Graded ⟶ Leads To Segregation,
➯Poor Workmanship⟶after final grading it would have rectified,
➯Poor Quality Control⟶before testing it would have suggested to concerned site Engineer to rectify the bed which leads poor compaction and segregation,
100 % Rework Required
➤Moisture Content ⟶OMC +1% and OMC -2%
➱The bed Should Have moisture Content as per requirement before proceeding for the next layer,
➱Rework may occur due to improper supervision
➱settlement of successive layer

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WET MIX MACADAM CONSTRUCTION-WMM CONSTRUCTION

October 27, 2024May 23, 2020 by Engineer at site

WET MIX MACADAM CONSTRUCTION-WMM CONSTRUCTION

WET MIX MACADAM CONSTRUCTION

WET MIX MACADAM – INTRODUCTION

➤Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) Consist Of Laying And Compacting Clean, Crushed Graded
Aggregate Granular Material, Premixed With Water To a dense mass on Prepared
Sub Grade/Subbase/Base,

What is wet mix macadam?
What is full form of WMM?

FUNCTIONS OF WET MIX MACADAM (WMM)

➤It
Acts As A Binding Layer Between the Granular Sub Base ( GSB) And The Bituminous
Layer, Provides Structural Support to The Pavement And Helps Dispersing Traffic
Loads To The Layers Below,

➤It
Is An Improvement Over the Conventional Water Bound Macadam (WBM) Layer Because It
Has A Superior Gradation Of Aggregates, a Faster Rate Of Construction, Less
Consumption Of Water, High Standard Of Densification And Higher Standard of
Quality Achievable,

What is difference between WMM and WBM?
Why WMM is used?

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WET MIX MACADAM (WMM)

➤Crushed Stone,

➤If Crushed Gravel/Shingle Is Used Not Less Than 90 % of Its Weight Retained on 4.75 mm Sieve Shall Have At Least Two Fractured Faces,

➤Binders Such As Lime Stone Dust, Kankar Dust,

➤Screeners Such As Moorum, Crushed Over Burnt Bricks etc,

➤Shall Satisfy the grading Requirements as will be explained Shortly Please Continue to Read,

➤Shall Satisfy the physical Requirements as will be taken up Shortly Please Continue to Read,

GRADING REQUIREMENTS OF MATERIALS( in image below)

wet mix macadam aggregates

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS OF MATERIALS( in image below)

WET MIX MACADAM MATERIALS PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS

MACHINERY REQUIREMENTS FOR WMM CONSTRUCTION

Following Machines are Required For Wet Mix Macadam Construction

Machines for WMM Construction

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION AT WET MIX MACADAM PLANT

MIXING OF WMM-

➤The Coarse Aggregates, Fine Aggregates And Water Shall be Mixed In The Mixing Plant, Which Shall Have a mill of Suitable Capacity For Mixing,

➤The Plant Shall Have Different bin feeders for Different fractions Of Aggregates, Required to Arrive at the Required Gradation,

➤ A controlled water addition Mechanism shall be present to give a continuous flow of mixed material that suits pavement requirements at the site,

➤The individual fraction shall be loaded to the bins of the mixing plant by front-end wheel loader tippers from the stockyard,

➤Care shall be taken at the stockyard and at the bin feeders to ensure that the aggregate should not be contaminated or mixed with other fractions,

➤The aggregate for the bottom 100 mm thick of the stockpile shall not be fed in the plant bin,

WMM PLANT

What is wet mix plant?

How is Wmm prepared?

What is WBM?

What is water bound macadam?

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION OF WMM WITH GRADER

➤The Toe line/fixing of pegs to mark the limits of the WMM level shall be done before the commencement of work,

➤The Width of Pavements for the Toe line shall be calculated by referring drawing with due consideration to formation width plus the offsets and slopes of different layers’ depth of the current layer from the formation road level (FRL),

What is the WMM layer?

HAULING AND DUMPING-

➤The Required Quantity Of Wet Mix Macadam(WMM) Shall Be Calculated and Informed To WMM Plant Engineer Of Staff Whoever is taking care of Production,

➤Dumping Pattern Such as to ensure uniform spread, shall be determined and explained to the person who is taking care of dumping at the site,

➤The Material for WMM shall be hauled to the site by tippers and dumped on the bed in a predetermined pattern,

SPREADING AND GRADING-

➤The Materials shall be mechanically (grader etc.) spread in uniform layers such that compacted thickness not exceeding 200 mm or any other specified with due considerations to the loose thickness (Compaction Factor) of WMM,

➤Control pegs at every 10 m long C/L shall be fixed on both sides of the bed in such a manner that they are not disturbed by grader movement,

➤Required Levels shall be marked on the pegs with suitable vertical offsets,

➤After rough initial spreading, a cotton/nylon string (line door) shall be held at marks on the control pegs at both sides,

WMM level fixing

WMM Spreading And leveling with grader

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION OF WET MIX MACADAM WITH PAVER

WMM Laying with Paver

SPREADING/LAYING WITH PAVER –

➤Immediately after mixing WMM shall be transported to the laying site by tippers and shall be spread uniformly and evenly upon the prepared first layer of WMM or GSB layer with the help of a paver finisher,

➤However at the time of spreading the surface shall be checked for grade, camber and thickness with templates and high or low spots are to be rectified by removing or adding fresh material of the same properties,

JOINT PREPARATION-

➤The work shall be planned in a manner to reduce the number of joints to the minimum. A full-width paver shall be used, if possible, to avoid longitudinal joints,

LONGITUDINAL JOINT-

➤Rolling Shall be done on a strip of approximately 150 mm to 200 mm width from the edge on which the joint is expected to come,

➤This strip shall be rolled along with the edge of the next paver pass,

➤Rolling shall be done in such a manner that the roller drum moves on both the previous and the new surface,

➤The evenness of the joint shall be checked by a straight edge and rectification, if any shall be done immediately,

TRANSVERSE JOINT-

➤A straight edge shall be kept over the transverse edge of the previous work in such a manner that half of the straight edge is on the old surface and another half hangs towards the side where new work has to be carried out,

➤Marks shall be given on the points from where the surface level has started coming down,

➤The old surface shall be cut from the points marked above and removed. the cut material can be reused,

➤After the paver has passed over the joint the new surface near the joint shall be trimmed and shaped slightly as required,

➤Roller shall transversely run over the joint in such a manner that the roller drum moves on both the previous and new surface,

➤ The evenness of the joint shall be checked by a straight edge and rectification, if any shall be done immediately,

transverse joint WMM Laying With Paver

QUALITY CONTROL TESTS AND THEIR FREQUENCY

➤Gradation at a frequency of test for every 100 cum,

➤Atterberg berg limits at a frequency of test for every 100 cum,

➤MDD and OMC As per IS 2720 Part-8 at 1 test for Source,

➤Combined Flakiness and Elongation index 1 test for every 200 cum,

➤Aggregate impact value At a frequency of 1 test for every 200 cum,

➤Water absorption at a frequency of 1 test for source,

➤Density of Compacted layer at 1 test(6 pits)/500 sqm and 1 pit for an additional 50 sqm or less,

➤ Top-level checking for given stretch,

PROBLEMS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WMM LAYER AND REMEDIES TAKEN

PROBLEMS

REMEDIES

➤Availability of WMM plant in good Condition,
➤Mix gradation

➤Thickness and levels of the layers

➤Compaction and Workmanship

➤Confinement

➤Segregation of the mix

➤Plant should be in good condition, with regular maintenance,
➤Ensure gradation of mix before dispatching the mix,
➤Ensure The proper level of GSB before laying of WMM,
➤Ensure 98% Compaction and Good Workmanship,
➤Ensure Laying of Adjoining shoulders along With WMM,
➤Inform the Immediately if mix is not proper and rectify the segregation at the site,

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