Month: July 2020

Quality of Cement-How to check

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Quality of Cement-How to check
Cement Bags

Quality of Cement-how to check when it’s obtained at Construction site?

Do you understand, when concrete fails, one of many offender could be the Quality Cement.

It is necessary to test the Quality of Cement when it’s obtained at web site to make sure no failure and stoppage in undertaking resulting from dangerous high quality of cement.
Cement is transported within the luggage and bulkers.

When Cement attain at web site, do test following in an effort to make sure the cement is of fine high quality or not.

Check for ISI mark on the cement bag (This tells model is commonplace and follows the steps to make sure product high quality.

And in such instances third celebration testing report will not be necessary.

However you could get finished third celebration take a look at if shopper calls for otherwise you wish to do)

Check the Cement manufacturing particulars printed on aspect of bag for week,

Month and 12 months of producing to know the quality of cement initially

When week 1 begin and on which day in calendar (Quality of cement)➱

Week 1 begins on the first Jan of yearly.
The day on 1st date will adopted as a begin of week.
Say on 1st Jan, its Tuesday then week additionally begins on each Tuesday.

After checking the manufacturing particulars, do test how a lot previous is cement.
It is recommendation to eat the cement inside three months from manufacturing.
Because nobody is aware of the circumstances the place cement is stocked by a provider / dealer.

Insist your organization to purchase cement instantly from producer,

This make sure you get contemporary cement and no alteration

or damages to cement resulting from storage provider / merchants place.

Printing of Manufacturing week on bag occurs after bag is loaded with cement on a conveyor by which luggage are despatched both for stacking or instantly in wagon (at firm nobody use iron hooks)
Printing is robotically finished,

So someday you could get luggage on which the manufacturing particulars will not be printed accurately (Such instances you must inform the producer about this,

And get the written affirmation from them through e mail earlier than accepting it.

This may even make sure the rectification in printing course of and different engineers will obtain luggage with clear print on luggage)

Also i want to let you know that instantly order luggage haven’t on the market or not for retail printed on it.

A bag having worth written on it’s produced for retail sale.

And also you would possibly get a really previous luggage should you order it by retailer.

Do not settle for the cement which is greater than a month previous (Ensure you set this level in buy order to keep away from dispute in future).

Check the load of cement bags At Random To Know the Reality➱

In India Cement business wont look after the standard of cement, as soon as it’s dispatched from their manufacturing unit.

Cement is transported to their storage yards throughout India, max by means of prepare.

On relieving cement at unload level at railway station, buggers begin taking part in with that cement baggage with iron hook.

No Quality man from that producer will object this damaging of packing by these unskilled labours.
No producer have energy to switch these native labours at every station.

They can change the design and substitute all baggage as an alternative of making an attempt to switch labour which is inconceivable.

As a Engineer all of us ought to write to all cement producer to do one thing in an effort to safeguard the dealing with of cement.

Coming again to the purpose, on account of improper dealing with

And puncturing of cement baggage at a number of location,

There’s a chance that cement in baggage wont weight precisely or above 50 Kg and individuals who makes use of customary as bag for doing their daily work will get extra failure.because the bag might not be bag or 50 Kg.

So you will need to confirm the bag weight is above or equal to 50 Kg to keep away from failure in concrete as some one would possibly use a bag weighting lower than 50Kg as a bag

And do concrete which change an entire lot arithmetic and chemistry of concrete produced.

Manufacturers are privy to these losses on account of dealing with, as an alternative of correcting it,

that they had elevated the amount of cement in every bag to make sure 50Kg is delivered in regular transport loss.

After verifying the freshness on cement we will additional examine it for engineering properties.

Quality of Cement-How to check
Stacking Plane of Cement 

Check the temperature of cement in packed bag Only➱

Sometimes chances are you’ll obtain a sizzling cement in bag,

It doesn’t imply that the hydration course of is began in it.

When cement is immediately loaded after manufacturing, it might be sizzling as much as 50 degree,

In such instances retailer cement for two to three days earlier than utilizing in an effort to permit it for cooling.

This occurs when order is greater than provide of cement.

If we use scorching cement false set might happen in concrete produced with it.

Which means concrete will turn into stiff after mixing it, to regain the plasticity, remixing needs to be performed.

Or mixing time of such concrete have to be elevated.

Check for Physical Properties Of Cement(To Know The Quality Of Cement)➱

Color of The cement➱

It relies upon totally on the colour of lime stone which is used to manufacturing of the identical

and the opposite efficiency enhancer components like flyash.

Cement in the direction of off-white shade doesn’t imply it’s unhealthy or have extra flyash or some other components (Example – AAC Cement – it have whitish lime stone,so shade is barely faint than gray shade)

Color of cement usually from shade of gray could also be darkish or could also be faint.

You ought to know why it’s faint or darkish (Ask your organization to rearrange go to to producer plant in an effort to perceive manufacturing higher.Such visits are prepare by producer freed from value on demand by the shoppers).

Smoothness➱

When you’re taking some cement in your fingers and rubbed it, it’s going to really feel silky easy as a consequence of fineness of cement.

If grinding will not be performed correctly, you’ll really feel the roughness in it.
If roughness noticed, test the fineness of cement.

What is Consistency test of Cement

Properties of Concrete it’s mix and types

Lumps in baggage➱

Lumps kinds in baggage as a consequence of lifeless weight on it referred to as as gentle lump which get breaks once we roll the bag.

Hard lumps – kinds as a consequence of to hydration of cement as a consequence of moisture contact

or direct contact in water throughout transport corresponding to rain water entered in bag.

if that is so cement needs to be rejected.

Contamination➱

Take handful of cement and throw it within the water, it ought to float for someday after which sink in water.

If its immediately sinking in water, it exhibits cement is modified after dispatch from plant

and should lead to failure (In such instances cubes needs to be casted and checked for 1 day power,

if it fails in it, cement needs to be rejected)

Consistency of Cement➱

It exhibits usually the water demand by cement, extra it demand larger the water cement ration goes and vice a versa.

In common normal consistency ranges between 27 to 34%

Older cement might present decrease water demand as a consequence of partly hydration of cement.

Also much less finer cement tends to much less water demand (coarser materials have much less floor space than finer materials).

Take the checks of Conistency of cement at 27 +/- 2 degree with relative humidity of 65 +/- 5% as per IS 4031 half 4.

No want to fret in case your lab will not be setup with such a precision,

You may nonetheless do a consistency take a look at and report the consequence as per your lab temperature

and confirm every consequence with outcomes obtained in earlier identical setting.

Compressive Strength Of Cement Cubes➱

A great engineer all the time do test for the compressive power of cement for every obtained batch of cement.

This guarantee no failure in actual work.

As the lab circumstances aren’t normal in case of many of the websites,

engineer can evaluate his outcomes with earlier outcomes of identical cement beneath identical situation.

Do ask to offer a normal lab set as much as your organization proprietor,

this will likely save an enormous losses at fraction of restore value.

Cement obtained in bulker➱

Loose cement dispatched in bulkers should not have the manufacturing particulars printed on it. You must confirm it by studying the main points supplied on dispatch challan.
Dispatch challan do point out the seals numbers that are printed on seals mounted at bulker openings after feeding cement in it.

Before opening the seals on all opening do confirm the numbers written on seal and challan are identical.

After verifying it do the identical course of which we use for inspecting bag cement.

Quality of Cement-How to check
Cement Transportation and feeding bulker

Preserving the pattern from every lot before Unloading➱

A Sample of cement as acquired must be protect in air tight bag or container with all particulars about that batch.

This may assist in fixing the dispute in future which can happen as a result of failure of concrete at undertaking

And in addition allow you to to blacklist the producer if he doesn’t settle for the failure.

Preserve pattern provides you with correct results of precise manufactured cement.

Failure in concrete might happen as a result of many potentialities equivalent to

Storage situation of cement at Construction site.
Batching situation for concrete.
Cube casting errors and so on.

Mistakes might occur at plant as a result of carelessness of any person (Chances are much less as a result of advance programs and automation at plants, however human could make errors too)

If you could have any query on it or if i had miss one thing please do reply i’ll right it.

This will assist engineers to do right checking of cement.

Please click here for more updates on engineering topics

Tubing-Tube- Materials, properties, efficiency

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Tubing- Materials, properties, efficiency

Carbon and Alloy steel tube

1010➱

➱Low carbon range: .08/.13%
➱Good bending and flaring qualities, sometimes metallic element killed.
➱Good weld-ability and plasticity.
➱Relatively poor mach-inability.
➱Used for diesel oil injection lines; oil, fuel and hydraulic lines; condenser and warmth money changer tubes; heat-transfer tubes; lubrication equipment; shafting and bushings; thermocouple junction wells; and wide selection of mechanical applications wherever severe bending or forming needed.

1012➱

➱Low carbon range: .10-.15%
➱Produced from redraw that has been inside-surface conditioned to eliminate the likelihood of ID radial fissures and different defects.
➱Welding properties ar sensible.
➱Usually provided in Temper No. one (annealed) to allow severe fabrication like flaring, upsetting, and short-radius bending.
➱Used virtually completely for diesel oil injection lines.

1015➱

➱Low carbon mechanical steel tube often carried available by distributors attributable to its several applications.
➱Carbon range: .10-.20%.
➱Welding properties ar sensible with all strategies.
➱Flaring and bending qualities ar sensible within the tempered  condition.
➱Used for structural elements in industrial machinery, spacers, bushings, cylinder liners, punches, binder post, pinions, condenser and tuner shafts, magazine tubes in shotguns, gas valves, stitching machines, rifle and piece barrels.

1018➱

➱Generally provided in mechanical grade with carbon restricted to .15-.20% and element to .10-.30%.
➱Machinability is slightly higher than the “standard” 1015 material.
➱Welding properties ar glorious.
In Temper No. one tempered  condition, flaring and bending will be performed satisfactorily by traditional fabrication techniques.
➱Wide variety of mechanical applications the same as those listed for 1015.
➱Successfully used wherever a moderate quantity of machining is contemplated, however not requiring free machining grade like Leaded.

1020➱

➱Carbon range: .15/.25%
➱Used wherever slightly higher mechanical properties ar needed than will be obtained with 1015.
In the correct temper, this material has higher machinability than 1015.
➱May also be used for carburizing functions.
➱Used for record changerposts, chemical-projectile charge tubes, cable connectors, bushings and rollers, gun drill tubes, textile spindles, textile winder elements, hubs for wheel assemblies, and engine elements.

LEADED 1020➱

➱Excellent machining characteristics.
➱Carbon range: .15-25%.
➱Lead range: .15-35%.
➱The addition of lead makes it doable to chop quicker with heavier feeds, cut back decline the tool, and supply a higher end.
➱Interchangeable with 1020.
➱Preferred wherever savings from augmented machinability, lower tool wear, and finer end offset the upper material value.
➱Particularly helpful in screw machine operations, wherever high production necessities ar common.

1025➱

➱Where mechanical properties over those getable with 1020 ar needed, this material is usually counseled.
➱Carbon range: .22-.28%.
➱Good fastening qualities.
➱Used for framing structural elements, engine mounts, hard-hitting condensers and warmth exchangers, piston pins, readying instrumentality, ticker half, spacers, and housings.

1035➱

➱Carbon range: .32-.38%
➱Used wherever higher mechanical properties ar needed than with the lower carbon grades.
➱Within limits, mechanical properties will be improved over cold-drawn properties by heat treatment or a mix of warmth treatment and cold drawing.
➱Bearings and sleeves and bushings, fuse tubes, plating tank anodes, valve pushrods, housings, shanks for reamers, tire reparation tools, rock drilling instrumentality.

1045➱

➱Carbon range: .43-.50%
➱Used wherever higher mechanical properties ar needed than with the lower carbon grades.
➱Within limits, mechanical properties will be improved over cold-drawn properties by heat treatment or a mix of warmth treatment and cold drawing.
➱Bearings and sleeves and bushings, fuse tubes, plating tank anodes, valve pushrods, housings, shanks for reamers, tire reparation tools, rock drilling instrumentality.

1524➱

➱A high strength low alloy containing high metal.
➱Useful for prime pressure diesel oil injection systems.
5% Cr
➱A low carbon five-hitter chromium/.50% alloy steel.
➱Useful for warmth money changer tube.

4130➱

➱These low-alloy steels will be hardened by heat treatment.
➱In the tempered  condition afford sensible workability.
➱Can be equipped conditioned within surfaces.
➱Frequently used for craft structural elements. additionally for engine mounts, drone springs, water tubes, hard-hitting instrument lines, cable connectors, craft studs, bushings, radiolocation antennas and supports, drill shanks, and valve pushrods.

4132➱

➱These low-alloy steels will be hardened by heat treatment.
➱In the tempered  condition afford sensible workability.
➱Can be equipped conditioned within surfaces.
➱Frequently used for craft structural elements. additionally for engine mounts, drone springs, water tubes, hard-hitting instrument lines, cable connectors, craft studs, bushings, radiolocation antennas and supports, drill shanks, and valve pushrods.

8630➱

➱These low-alloy steels will be hardened by heat treatment.
In the toughened condition afford sensible workability.
➱Can be supplied with conditioned within surfaces.
➱Frequently used for craft structural elements. conjointly for engine mounts, drone springs, water tubes, aggressive instrument lines, cable connectors, craft studs, bushings, radio detection and ranging antennas and supports, drill shanks, and valve pushrods.

4140➱

➱Carbon range: .38/.43%.
➱Otherwise there’s very little distinction between 4140 and 4150.
➱However, 4150 is chosen once slightly higher mechanical properties square measure needed.
➱Golf club shafts, racquet handles, tamping rods, tufting needles, drill-shank conduit, key sockets, electrical connectors, and hand tools square measure typical applications.

4150➱

➱Carbon range: .48/.55%
➱Otherwise there’s very little distinction between 4140 and 4150.
➱However, 4150 is chosen once slightly higher mechanical properties square measure needed.
➱Golf club shafts, racquet handles, tamping rods, tufting needles, drill-shank conduit, key sockets, electrical connectors, and hand tools square measure typical applications.

4615➱

➱Carbon content is control to .13-.18% for optimum plasticity.
➱Made from redraw that has been specially conditioned to get rid of ID fissures and different defects.
➱Produced in accordance with current SAE customary for mechanical system conduit.
➱Annealed at end to provide a soft, ductile material. Used nearly completely for mechanical system conduit.

9260➱

➱Carbon range: .56/.64%
➱A high steel containing .75-1.00% atomic number 25 and one.80-2.20% element.
➱Possesses properties of toughness and fatigue resistance.
➱The analysis conjointly points to a cheap alloy.

52100➱

➱This low-alloy steel is employed once high hardness and resistance to wear and abrasion square measure needed.
➱Carbon content: .95-1.10%.
➱Proper heat treatment can improve, inside limits, the mechanical properties of cold-drawn condition.
➱Thread guides, nylon yarn guides, ball-bearing races, nozzles, gear and pinion elements, dental instruments, yarn carrier tubes, extrusion mandrels square measure among its applications.

STAINLESS STEEL CONDUIT➱

303 Se➱

➱An eighteen Cr-9% nickel nonhardenable alloy containing atomic number 34 and additional amounts of sulfur and phosphorus.
➱Most pronto machinable of all primary solid solution grades.
➱Properties on the point of those of kind 304, elongation somewhat lower.
➱Nonmagnetic in toughened condition.
➱Weldable by resistance strategies, fusion fastening not counseled. proof against scaling up to 1650°F.
➱For use wherever a free cutting material is required; offers high resistance to corrosion; assures sensible effect surface.
➱Typical applications: bushings, casters, shafts, rivots, valve and pump elements.

304, 304L➱

➱An eighteen Cr-10%, nickel low-carbon, corrosion and heat-resistant steel.
➱Nonmagnetic within the toughened temper.
➱Subject to damaging inorganic compound precipitation in 900°F to 1600°F vary.
➱Fully corrosion resistant in utterly toughened condition.
➱Excellent mechanical properties as low as -300°F.
➱Type 304L has exceptionally sensible fastening and fabrication properties and might be used rather than stable grades.
➱Extensively used for surgical instruments, food process instrumentation, potable coils, and textile machinery.
➱Other uses embody miniature bearings, camera elements, electrical device covers, ignition harness elements, heat exchangers, craft hydraulic lines.

What do you need for tubing?

305➱

➱A high-nickel variant of 18-8.
➱Behaves abundant constant as kind 304 in corrosion resistance, inorganic compound precipitation, and scale resistance.
➱Low magnetic permeableness (1.005 max.) even once gently cold worked.
➱Low work-hardening rate for severe forming.
➱For applications wherever severe forming is concerned.
➱Used for electrical instruments, beam tube anodes, and grid cups.

309S➱

➱Primarily a heat-resistant alloy containing twenty fifth Cr-12% nickel.
➱Good scaling resistance in continuous service to 2000°F, intermittent service to 1800°F.
➱Subject to inorganic compound precipitation in vary of 900-1600°F.
➱Corrosion resistance kind of like, however higher than, that of kind 304.
➱Very good creep strength and weldability.
➱Too robust for intensive machining.
➱Used extensively for sheath tubes on electrical heating components.
➱Also for warmth money handler and condenser conduit, craft heater elements, and hearth detection instrumentation components.

Why is tubing dangerous?

310S➱

➱This is a heat-resistant alloy containing twenty fifth Cr-20% nickel.
➱Mechanical and corrosion resistant properties rather kind of like, however higher than, those of kind 304.
➱Good for continuous service to 210°F-intermittent to 1900°F.
➱Nonmagnetic at temperature in toughened condition.
➱Excellent weldability.
➱Industrial chamber elements, reaction engine afterburners, thermometer protection elements, fuel lines, special passage lines.

316, 316L➱

➱A terrorist organization Cr-13% Ni-2 1/2% Mo alloy that gives the most effective corrosion resistance of the quality primary solid solution grades, particularly to H2SO3 compounds.
➱Highest creep strength of the three hundred Series.
➱Scale resistance is 1650°F scoop.
➱Type 316L could be a low-carbon variant and might be welded and heated within the vary 900-1600°F while not injury to corrosion resistance.
➱Excellent resistance to dyes, prescription drugs and method liquors.
➱Used conjointly for pipe springs and alternative instrument elements subject to severe corrosion.

317➱

➱A higher metallic element and Cr bearing primary solid solution chrome steel than kind 316.
➱Optimum corrosion resistance.
➱More proof against intergranular attack than kind 316.
➱Preferred wherever lightweight gage material is to be welded.
➱Suitable for applications requiring resistance to vitriol concentrations up to five at temperatures to 120°F.
➱Also wherever condensation of sulfur bearing gases happens.

What is the use of tube?

321➱

➱Type 321 is associate degree eighteen Cr-10% nickel atomic number 22 stable alloy
➱Designed to beat condition to inorganic compound precipitation and resultant intergranular corrosion.
➱Can be welded while not ulterior hardening.
➱Nonmagnetic within the toughened condition.
➱Hardenable solely by cold operating.
➱Approximate kind 304 in corrosion resistance.
➱Resist scaling up to 1600°F in continuous service, 1450°F in intermittent.
➱Types 321 and 347 have higher creep resistance than 304 (347 higher at higher temperatures).
➱Type 347 is extremely fine grained, limiting workability.
➱Aircraft hydraulic lines, exhaust collector rings, fuel lines, industrial and chemical instrument elements, capillary.

347➱

➱Type 347 is associate degree eighteen Cr-11% nickel Nb stable alloy
➱Designed to beat condition to inorganic compound precipitation and resultant intergranular corrosion.
➱Can be welded while not ulterior hardening.
➱Nonmagnetic within the toughened condition.
➱Hardenable solely by cold operating
➱Approximate kind 304 in corrosion resistance.
➱Resist scaling up to 1600°F in continuous service, 1450°F in intermittent.
➱Types 321 and 347 have higher creep resistance than 304 (347 higher at higher temperatures).
➱Type 347 is extremely fine grained, limiting workability.
➱Type 348 offers low-neutron cross section properties.
➱Type 347-Guided missile and rocket elements, readying instrumentation, pump and valve elements.
➱Type 348-Atomic energy applications wherever material either contains hot substance or is exposed thereto.

348➱

➱Type 348 is associate degree eighteen Cr-11% nickel Nb metal stable alloy
➱Designed to beat condition to inorganic compound precipitation and resultant intergranular corrosion.
➱Can be welded while not ulterior hardening.
➱Nonmagnetic within the toughened condition
➱Hardenable solely by cold operating.
➱Approximate kind 304 in corrosion resistance.
➱Resist scaling up to 1600°F in continuous service, 1450°F in intermittent.
➱Type 348 offers low-neutron cross section properties.
➱Type 348-Atomic energy applications wherever material either contains hot substance or is exposed thereto.

What is the difference between a pipe and tube?

21Cr-6Ni-9Mn➱

➱A changed two hundred series primary solid solution unblemished, out there solely in welded grade.
➱Developed permanently corrosion resistance and high strength.
➱High mechanical properties achieved as results of cold operating solely, as ar the three hundred series.
➱Excellent tensile and impact properties within the toughened condition as low as -423°F.
➱Approximately five hundredth of the nickel content of three hundred series unblemished steels are replaced by the redoubled metal content.
➱Having virtually doubly the strength-to-weight quantitative relation of 304, largest usage these days is for craft hydraulic lines.

408➱

➱403 is comparable to kind 410
➱Except that it includes tiny additions of nickel and Mo and might be hardened to illustrator C36-40 by ending or air cooling from 1750-1850oF. Not subject to inorganic compound precipitation, however low in impact properties at low temperatures.
➱Air hardening, they gift some problem in fastening.
➱Widely used where sensible spring properties ar required.
➱Excellent for pipe springs, medical instruments, and rotary engine elements.

410➱



➱Type 410 could be a basic hardenable alloy containing twelve-tone music metallic element,
➱Magnetic altogether conditions and may be hardened to Norman Rockwell C36-40 by extinction or air cooling from 1750-1850°F.
➱Not subject to inorganic compound precipitation, however low in impact properties at low temperatures.
➱Air hardening, they gift some issue in fastening.
➱Type 410 is least costly chrome steel.
➱Widely used where smart spring properties square measure required.
➱Excellent for pipe springs, medical instruments, and rotary engine components.

405➱



➱Ferritic steel not subject to considerable hardening through air cooling from high temperatures.
➱This tendency retards the knowledge of hardening cracks caused by fastening.
➱Practically a similar corrosion and oxidization resistance as sort 410.
➱Can be machined, drawn, spun and shaped delicately.
➱Used for applications wherever hardening upon cooling from high temperatures should be avoided.


Why must the ends of pipe be beveled before being welded?

416e➱



➱A hardenable, straight metal, low carbon (.15% max.) chrome steel containing either Se or sulfur to produce free machining properties.
➱Better machining properties than the solid solution 303 sorts, however lower corrosion resistance.
➱Developed particularly for automatic screw machine work.
➱Facilitates grinding, and is non seizing.


Concrete Properties It’s Types and Mix

430➱



➱Type 430 could be a straight 17 November metallic element alloy with corrosion and heat-resistant properties superior to those of sorts 410 and 420.
➱It is magnetic altogether tempers and nonhardenable.
➱The welded material is comparable, however has metal additional (.60% max.) to eliminate coarse grain welds of low plasticity.
➱Mechanical properties jibe those of soft-cast steel, machines higher than solid solution grades.
➱Widely used wherever corrosion resistance to the atmosphere, water, and foodstuffs is needed. Examples: dairy farm machinery, electrical appliances, oil burners, and chemical instrumentality.

430Ti➱



➱Type 430 could be a straight 17 November metallic element alloy with corrosion and heat-resistant properties superior to those of sorts 410 and 420.
➱It is magnetic altogether tempers and nonhardenable.
➱The welded material is comparable, however has metal additional (.60% max.) to eliminate coarse grain welds of low plasticity.
➱Mechanical properties jibe those of soft-cast steel.
➱Machines higher than solid solution grades.
➱Widely used wherever corrosion resistance to the atmosphere, water, and foodstuffs is needed. Examples: dairy farm machinery, electrical appliances, oil burners, and chemical instrumentality.

446➱



➱27% Cr-has the very best heat resistance of all ferritic unsullied steels.
➱A N additive is employed to forestall embrittlement through the 1200-1800°F vary and additionally to assist management grain size.
➱Resists scaling in continuous service to 1900-2100°F.
➱Excellent corrosion resistance to aqua fortis, targeted oil of vitriol, and most alkalies.
➱Shows smart resistance to sulfurous atmospheres at high temperatures.
➱Used wherever conduit is subjected to heat in oil and gas furnaces, for muffle tubes, fuel lines, steam boilers, chemical instrumentality, hearth detection instrumentality, and for capillary tube.

ALLOY 26-1➱



➱A unique twenty sixth Cr-1% Mo ferritic chrome steel.
➱Available in WELDRAWN grade solely at the moment.
➱Extremely clean alloy with terribly low carbon, N and alternative impurities.
➱Alloy is nickel-free, giving economic blessings as alternate for several applications wherever nickel-bearing unsullied grades square measure such that.
➱Excellent formability and corrosion resistance ought to build it fascinating material for applications within the chemical, organic compound, food process, pulp and paper fields.

N-55➱



➱An iron base alloy with wonderful oxidization resistance, smart plasticity.
➱Can be spun, rolled flanged and dish-shaped cold.
➱Can be machined, welded and brazed.
➱Has smart resistance to corrosion in bound media underneath each oxidizing and reducing conditions.
➱Recommended to be used in applications involving high stresses at temperatures to 1500°F and moderate stresses up to 2000°F.


What is Structural Engineering

17-7 pH➱



➱A chromium-nickel chrome steel containing more or less 1 Chronicles metallic element which will be hardened by a low-temperature precipitation hardening treatment.
➱Offers straightforward hardening, high strength, corrosion resistance akin to sorts 302 and 304, and high fatigue strength.
➱Can be welded by metal arc, gas-shielded arc and resistance fastening strategies.
➱Used extensively in craft and missiles yet as for valve and pump components.

16-6 pH➱



➱Precipitation hardening alloy thought of being a good replacement for Almar 362.
➱It is relatively higher in metal, carbon and nickel.
➱Its properties square measure like 17-7PH, except that it’s obtainable in seamless type for heavier wall applications.
➱Mechanical properties in each the treated and age hardened conditions square measure over Almar 362, and may be exaggerated considerably by cold operating before aging.
➱Outstanding characteristics: high strength, ductility, fabricability and exceptional corrosion resistance in numerous environments.
➱General corrosion resistance and strength seem higher than 410 and 430, and like, or higher than 304 and also the three hundred series of unsullied steels.
➱Used wherever conduit with high strength and smart corrosion resistance is required.
➱Immediate applications: instrumentation, high strength meat injection needles, gun drill shanks.

A-286➱



➱Precipitation hardening alloy.
➱Good strength to 1200°F.
➱Good oxidization resistance for intermittent service up to 1500°F.
➱Excellent corrosion resistance up to 1300°F against all atmospheres encountered in reaction-propulsion engine and turbo compressor applications.
➱Reasonably smart resistance to salt spray corrosion.
➱Used in rocket and reaction-propulsion engine applications wherever high combustible temperatures square measure encountered, and additionally for handling super-cooled fuels like LOX.
➱Also turbine fuel lines and craft mechanical and hydraulic conduit.

PRINCIPAL CHROME STEEL CONDUIT MERCHANDISE


Capillary conduit➱



➱Types 304, 316, 321, 347 and 446 unblemished. (Also 1010 carbon steel; Nickel-2000; Monel-400; and Alloy-600.)
➱ODs from .030 to .187 in., IDs from .004 in.
➱Has very clean and sleek ID.
➱Good fabricability.
➱Ductile.
➱High ID uniformity.
➱Coil lengths up to 3000 foot.

Super Pressure conduit➱



➱For pressures to a hundred,000 psi.
➱Normally made from varieties 304, 316, and 347 conduit.
➱Also accessible in 4130 steel.
➱Two types: single wall or composite wall.
➱Hydrostatically tested to sixty,000 psi once needed by client.
➱Sized from 1/8 to 3/4 in. OD.

Large OD, light-weight Wall conduit➱



➱Types 304, 321 chrome steel.
➱Sizes to a pair of in. OD, wall thicknesses .025 in. and lighter.
➱This thin-wall conduit is such as for stern applications wherever severe forming is needed, as in versatile hose, bellows, etc.

Aircraft Hydraulic conduit➱



➱Made in varieties 304, 321, 347 Alloy to rigid MILT and AMS specifications.
➱Guaranteed sleek and clean internal and external surfaces.
➱Furnished with certified check reports.
➱Available in each seamless and WELDRAWN forms in sizes from 3/16 to one 1/8 in. OD.
➱Every length clearly marked with our name, specification, analysis, heat range and size.
➱Types 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn and 3AI-2.5 Ti alloys are accessible for craft Hydraulic conduit Application.

Aircraft device conduit➱



➱Types 304, 304L, 310, 316, 316L, 321 and 347 unblemished.
➱Meets all industrial and military specifications.
➱Completely quality controlled with wall uniformity predominate.
➱Extra shut tolerances.
➱Precision surface inspected.
➱Offers fascinating brazing and fastening qualities.
➱Size range: 1/8 in. OD x .003 in. wall min. to 1/4 in. OD x .016 in. wall max.

Bellows/Flexible Hose conduit➱



➱Excellent plasticity to resist severe fabrication and continual flexing for convoluting grades.
➱Resistance to corrosion and high temperatures.
➱Freedom from carburization, dents and pick-ups.
➱Uniform wall thickness and temper.
➱Smooth surfaces to boost fatigue life.
➱Usually laid out in varieties 316, 321 and 347 unblemished, however additionally made in Monel Alloy four hundred, Alloy 600, Nickel 200, and alloy Alloy X-750.
➱ODs, 3/8 to one 1/8 in., wall thickness, .005 to .025 in.
➱Also created in composites of two,3 or additional plies of thin-wall conduit.

Needle conduit➱



➱Stainless steel kind 304.
➱Widely used for mechanical applications.
➱Offered in gages from half dozen through thirty three (see table).
➱Usually provided in lengths of two to twelve foot.


NICKEL AND alloy conduit➱


NICKEL two hundred (“A” Nickel)➱



➱Combines glorious mechanical properties with corrosion resistance that’s usually smart and is outstanding beneath several conditions of exposure.
➱Non-hard-enable by heat treatment; but strength and hardness could also be magnified by sold  operating.
➱Scale resistant in sulfur-free atmospheres to 1650°F.
➱Magnetic all told tempers and in temperatures to regarding 400°F.
➱Carbon content is .15% max.
➱Extensively utilized in physical science as cathodes in negatron tubes and in-tuned with reducing acids, foods, chemical process liquors, caustics, rayon, prescription drugs and plastics.
➱Also used once absolute purity of product should be assured.

NICKEL 201 (Low Carbon Nickel)➱



➱Has much constant chemical composition as Nickel two hundred, with one major exception-very low carbon content (.02% max.).
➱Excellent corrosion resistance-may be utilized in oxidizing temperatures to 1650°F.
➱Slightly less strength and lower work hardening rate than Nickel two hundred.
➱Recommended wherever shut radius bends and/or severe flanging or spinning is needed.
➱Also used for thermometer protection conduit in liquid salt bathtub furnaces.

NICKEL 211(“D” Nickel)➱



➱Generally similar in composition to Nickel two hundred, the foremost vital distinction being inclusion of four.5% atomic number 25 to interchange a like quantity of nickel.
➱Resists region and sulfur attack at elevated temperatures.
➱Mechanical strength, each at traditional and elevated temperatures, is somewhat larger than that of Nickel two hundred.
➱Used in constant style of applications as Nickel two hundred wherever larger resistance to sulfur oxidization and magnified mechanical properties area unit needed.NICKEL 270
➱High-purity grades of nickel exceptionally freed from nonmetal inclusions.
➱Offers low base hardness and smart plasticity.
➱Recrystallization temperatures for cold worked material area unit appreciably not up to those for Nickel 201.
➱Used extensively where Associate in Nursing exceptionally clean and very pure product is needed.
➱Present major application is for passive cathodes in receiving tubes and for structural parts in special-purpose vacuum tubes.

MONEL ALLOY four hundred (Monel)➱



➱Combines high strength, plasticity and wonderful resistance to corrosion; may be a all-purpose alloy.
➱Scale resistant in sulfur-free atmospheres to 1000°F.
➱Nonhardenable.
➱Magnetically attracted at temperature, however loses this characteristic at Curie point simply on top of temperature.
➱Used in chemical and process instrumentation, pulp and paper machinery, food process and packaging machinery, petroleum, organic compound and power-generating equipment.
➱Also in surgical and medical instruments, heating parts, magnet valves, and marine instrumentation.

MONEL ALLOY 404➱



➱Provided low magnetic permeableness.
➱Can be fictional without delay. Retains abundant of its strength at outgassing temperatures, and low magnetic permeableness isn’t considerably laid low with process and fabrication.
➱Well suited to be used in pickling systems handling sulphuric acid answer.
➱Also for vacuum capacitors and relays, ceramic to metal seals, and envelops for lepton tubes.

MONEL ALLOY K-500 (“K” Monel)➱



➱An age-hard-enable grade of Monel with a similar wonderful corrosion resistance, however having bigger strength and hardness.
➱Can be drawn, formed, upset swagged or otherwise cold worked within the tempered  condition.
➱Optimum properties is earned by heat treatment from the totally cold-worked tem Ideal for applications wherever strength, light-weight, and resistance to corrosion and wear ar necessary factors.
➱Widely used for drone springs, torsion tubes liquid level controllers, arbor rods, and sleeves and bushings in pumps and valves handling salt water.

ALLOY 600➱



➱A high nickel-chromium-iron alloy.
➱Outstanding in strength, corrosion resistance, and oxidization resistance at elevated temperatures up to 2150°F.
➱Can be joined by the same old attachment, brazing and attachment processes.
➱Extensively used for thermometer protection conduit, muffle tubes, jet and jet engine fuel lines, and instruments.
➱Also for food process instrumentation, dental and surgical instruments, and odontology appliances.

INCONEL ALLOY 601➱



➱Another of the nickel-iron-chromium alloys for top temperature service, exhibiting smart mechanical properties with wonderful resistance to thermal fatigue, distortion, and carburization.
➱Has exceptional ability to resist oxidization, each cyclic and static.
➱Uses embrace industrial heating, chemical industries, jet and rocket engines, and hot temperature instrumentation.

INCONEL ALOY 625➱



➱A nickel-chromium-iron alloy with atomic number 41 and atomic number 42 superimposed. Has high strength, corrosion and warmth resistance.
➱Shows wonderful resistance to oxidization as proven by cyclic oxidization tests that indicated total chemical compound penetrations of solely zero.0019 in. once one thousand time unit. at 1800°F and zero.0030 in. once 600 time unit. at 2000°F.
➱With the atomic number 41 and atomic number 42 additions it’s wonderful stress rupture properties to 1200°F and isn’t laid low with radiation embrittlement.
➱The higher hot strength of the alloy results from the solution strengthening of the nickel-chromium matrix by the addition of the atomic number 41 and atomic number 42.
➱Characteristics of alloy Alloy 625 indicate applications within the nuclear and craft fields.
➱Tubing has been provided for fuel part facing, rocket thrust chambers, and spray bars or nozzles for A/C engines.

INCONEL ALLOY 702➱



➱A high metal, low metal modification of alloy Alloy X-750 nickel-chromium-iron alloy.
➱Creep rupture strength at 1500°F for one thousand time unit. is 10,000 psi.
➱Offers wonderful oxidization resistance at temperatures to 2400°F.
➱Recommended for applications within the hot temperature vary wherever stresses ar comparatively low.
➱Has been used with success in high-temperature furnaces, for fuel part and warmth money changer conduit in nuclear reactors, and in craft and missiles.

ALLOY 718➱



➱One of the distinctive options of this alloy’s composition is that the addition of atomic number 41 to allow age hardening of this nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum alloy.
➱It is so set aside from widespread nickel-chromium alloy series that ar age-hardened through the employment of metal and metal.
➱It has smart plasticity at 1200°F-1400°F and mechanical properties together with 1300°F.
➱Slow aging response permits heating and cooling throughout hardening while not danger of cracking.
➱Fracture toughness tests (with forms apart from tubing) at temperatures from -320°F to 1000°F indicate wonderful values.
➱Very satisfactory welds ar obtained victimization inert-arc techniques and issues related to attachment of age-hardenable alloys ar eliminated.
➱Applications embrace craft heat exchangers, versatile hose and bellows.

INONEL ALLOY X-750➱



➱High strength, corrosion resistance, and resistance to oxidization at elevated temperatures (1200-1500°F).
➱Creep rupture strength at 1500°F for one thousand time unit. is 18,000 psi.
➱Unusually robust at each normal and high temperatures and within the answer treated and aged condition.
➱Used for extremely stressed cannular components in corrosive and oxidizing atmospheres, together with braces in reaction engine afterburners, temperature probes, O-rings, bellows, sheaths for thermocouples, torsion tube assemblies, and rocket agent tubes.

ALLOY 800➱



➱A nickel-chromium-iron alloy with smart resistance to oxidation; retains its strength at elevated temperatures, has smart workability and attachment properties.
➱Superior to alloy Alloy 600 in resistance to sulfur, green rot, and liquified cyanide salts, comparable in resistance to oxidization and united neutral salts.
➱Used for Calrod units, chamber muffles, and warmth exchangers.

DURA NICKEL ALLOY 301 (Duranickel)➱



➱A wrought, age hardenable, nickel-aluminum alloy with wonderful resistance to corrosion, not to mention bigger strength and hardness than nickel offers at each space and elevated temperatures
➱Used for valves, pumps and warmth exchangers handling sulphuric acid sludges and different sulphuric acid solutions and different chemical applications wherever corrosion resistance is needed.


OTHER ALLOYS➱


WASP-ALLOY➱



➱Offers the most effective creep rupture strength of all Super Alloys which will be without delay fictional into conduit.
➱Can be heat-treated to get high strength needs.
➱Excellent corrosion resistance up to 1600°F against gaseous  atmospheres encountered in reaction engine operation and similar service applications.
➱Resistance to oxidization is extremely satisfactory through 1600°F in intermittent service; continuous service temperatures to 1900°F is sustained.
➱Applications embrace turbine engines and missile systems, reaction engine fuel nozzles, and device spray bars.
➱Also for different services requiring oxidization resistance at temperatures given on top of.

ALLOY L-605➱



➱Offers outstandingly smart corrosion resistance to most agents at normal temperatures.
➱Resistance to oxidization is nice for intermittent service to 1600°F and continuous service to 2000°F.
➱Creep rupture strength at 1500°F for one thousand time unit. is 18,000 psi.
➱Excellent resistance to the new corrosive atmospheres encountered in reaction engine operation.
➱Resistance to salt spray corrosion is nice.
➱Typical applications ar rotary engine blades, combustion chambers, device components, and rotary engine rings.
➱Also temperature probes, thermometer protection tubes, and instrument components and transfer lines within the chemical and organic compound field.

ALLOY 188➱



➱Cobalt-base Super Alloy; has 1000-hour stress rupture strength at 1200°F at twenty five,000 psi minimum stress together with resistance to progressive scaling (oxidation) and different kinds of corrosion.
➱Readily cold worked to extend strength and hardness, may be welded by most standard ways.
➱Potential uses embody heat instrumentation like thermometer sheaths, turbine and reaction-propulsion engine elements, and nuclear parts.

ALLOY C-276➱



➱Excellent corrosion resistance, particularly to metal chloride and cuprous chloride.
➱Also to wet halogen gas and salt and dioxide solutions.
➱Has wonderful heat strength.
➱Resistant to oxidizing and reducing atmospheres to 2000°F.
➱Primarily used wherever exceptional corrosion resistance and heat strength ar needed.
➱Typical ar the outer sheath for electrical hollow heating components, thermometer rakes, probes, photographic process instrumentation, and lubricating lines for chemical instrumentation.

ALLOY HX➱



➱Excellent high-temperature strength with chemical reaction resistance to 2200°F.
➱Creep rupture strength at 1500°F for a thousand hour. is 10,000 psi.
➱Unusual resistance to oxidizing, reducing and neutral atmospheres.
➱Easily shaped and welded.
➱Used in the industry thanks to its corrosion resistance and high strength and for jet craft and missile elements and parts.
➱Also for fuel components in nuclear reactors, thermocouples, metal spray nozzle sleeves, protective cover for ceramic-insulated thermocouples and electrical heating components.

80-20 ALLOY➱



➱Combines high thermal ANd mechanical properties with ohmic resistance to an unexceeded degree.
➱Withstands temperatures to 2100°F for long periods.
➱Highly immune to corrosion.
➱Nonmagnetic.
➱Used for reaction-propulsion engine igniter plugs, thermocouples, instrument elements, special condensers, heat exchangers, and resistance heaters.
➱30% copper-base alloy
➱Outstanding for service wherever corrosion and erosion ar encountered.
➱Higher hardness, tensile and yield strength, and plasticity than the ten alloy offers.
➱Retains a lot of of its short-time strength and plasticity up to concerning 700°F.
➱Strength and plasticity increase with falling temperature to concerning -320°F.
➱Widely utilized in applications requiring exceptional corrosion resistance.

NI-SPAN C ALLOY 902 (Ni-Span C)➱



➱Heat treatable; designed primarily to get a continuing modulus of snap during a helpful temperature vary of -50°F to 150°F.
➱Outstanding modulus management and high strength combined with low drift in mechanical physical phenomenon.
➱Offers corrosion resistance superior to it of nonstainless steel.
➱Excellent for drone springs, instrument bellows, and magnetostriction devices.
➱Also utilized in pressure sensing components of transducers, potentiometers, accelerometers and gyroscopes.

Nickel-Iron Alloy➱



➱Fundamentally fitted to structural elements.
➱Strong, tough, ductile. helpful degree of corrosion resistance.
➱Magnetic at temperatures below their curie points and nonmagnetic on top of them
➱Cannot be hardened by heat treatment, however may be strong by cold operating.

36% Nickel-Iron Alloy➱



➱Used for bimetallic or composite tube in regulator controls, thermometers, measure and astronomical instruments.
➱Also air-conditioning-control instruments, strain gages, and features transporting liquid gas.

42% Nickel-Iron Alloy➱



➱For protection to glass. it’s well-tried helpful as a regulator metal for higher temperatures.
➱It has been utilized extensively within the construction of vacuum tubes, lamps, terminal caps, condenser elements, and electronically controlled switches.

52% Nickel-Iron Alloy➱



➱Has more or less a similar constant of enlargement as many business glasses furthermore because the forsterite kind ceramics.
➱It is conjointly one amongst the popular alloys for sensitive magnetic applications and for regulator work. Its high magnetic porousness at each low and high flux densities could be a valuable property.

4 Alloy➱



➱Nickel-chromium-iron.
➱Expansion constant ideal certainly soft glasses.
➱Widely used as an inside seal.
➱Thermal electrical electrical resistance is somewhat high, and current-carrying capability is proscribed.
➱Provides a vacuum tight and strainfree seal.

Alloy 29-17 (Kovar)➱



➱A nickel-cobalt vacuum melted  flow enlargement alloy used for creating tight seals with tougher glass glasses and ceramic materials.
➱It has found use in electronic applications like diodes and integrated circuits.

PRINCIPAL NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOY TUBING PRODUCTS


Bourdon conduit➱



➱Ni-Span C Alloy 902, Monel Alloy K-500 and metal Alloy X-750 ar the foremost unremarkably such as for pipe tubes.
➱Superior offers these grades in ODs from one/8 through 1 1/8 in. with walls to .125 in. maximum; on top of 5/8 in., most wall is .035 in.

Thermo-couple Protection conduit➱



➱Generally laid out in Alloy-600, Monel Alloy four hundred, half-hour copper-base alloy, Nickel-200, and alloy C-276.
➱Sizes most typically used fall inside the vary of 1/8 to 1/2 in. OD with wall thicknesses.


Super Alloy conduit


➱Alloys HX, 188 C-276, L-605, 625, 702, 718, X-750, A-286, and Waspaloy ar the nickel alloys usually classified ➱by the trade as “Super Alloys”.

Tubine for physics➱



➱36% Nickel-Iron Alloy minimizes the matter of thermal enlargement and contraction in lines handling N
➱Nickel two hundred and Monel Alloy four hundred ar terribly effective in handling liquid halogen
➱Alloy 600, metal Alloy X-750, Monel Alloy K-500 and alternative high-nickel alloys supply wonderful properties at low temperatures.

COPPER BASE ALLOYS➱


30% copper-base alloy➱



➱This nickel-copper (30%-70%) alloy was primarily developed to resist cavitation by steam and air mixtures in condensers.
➱It is extremely immune to many sorts of atmospheres and alkalies.
➱Has the lastingness of 70-30 brass and is well fancied. Used for economical fine-wire connectors, electrical contacts, rod ferules and guides, and gas action columns.

Beryllium Copper➱



➱This cold-drawn material contains one.80-2.00% Be, and nickel or atomic number 27 or each, .20% min.
➱Its greatest advantage is that it will be shaped whereas within the tempered  condition and, once heat treatment, develops high strength and hardness (C34-42).
➱Has a high strength-to-electrical-conductivity magnitude relation, wonderful spring stability, resistance to fatigue, wear and corrosion resistance.
➱Used for pipe tubes, electrical connectors, pc card sorting rolls.

Berylco 33-25➱



➱A free-machining Be copper alloy that retains all the physical and mechanical properties of Be copper, as well as fabricability, exceptional stability as a spring material, and wonderful resistance to fatigue, wear, and corrosion.
➱Where machining time is a vital issue, Berylco 33-25 offers a set advantage over alternative Be copper alloys.
➱Should cut back machining time by four-hundredth or a lot of.

REACTIVE AND REFRACTORY METAL CONDUIT


Unalloyed atomic number 22 A-40 conduit➱



➱The outstanding benefits of sunshine weight and extremely sensible corrosion resistance create this reactive metal ideal for industrial heat exchangers.

Titanium Alloy 3AI-2.5V➱



➱A high strength atomic number 22 alloy exhibiting wonderful malleability and cold workability.
➱Useful wherever strength-to-weight magnitude relation is very important.
➱Numerous applications within the region trade.

Titanium Alloy 6AI-4V➱



➱A high strength atomic number 22 alloy of high alpha-lean beta composition.
➱High strength-to-weight magnitude relation, wonderful corrosion resistance, sensible fatigue properties, and superior fracture toughness.
➱Readily machinable and weldable.
➱Particularly helpful in applications like structural material in aircraft/aerospace trade.
➱High resistance to brine corrosion.

Columbium and atomic number 41 Alloys➱



➱These refractory materials ar utilized in heat structural applications within the missile/aerospace trade, likewise as for fuel component protection functions.
➱The 1% Zirconium-Columbium alloy is accessible.

Tantalum and atomic number 73 Alloys➱



➱High temperature and corrosion resistance.
➱Ideal for thermocouple junction protection conduit use.
➱Also wonderful for handling chemical compounds of atomic number 17, chlorides, hydrochloric and azotic acids.
➱Tantalum alloy conduit is created on a development basis.

Molybdenum and Mo Alloys➱



➱Produced on a development basis in an exceedingly restricted vary of sizes and lengths.


ALLOY conduit thought-about FOR convenience BY REQUEST

Titanium Alloy 15-3➱



➱A beta atomic number 22 alloy exhibiting a strength-to-weight magnitude relation 2 hundredth over the quality alloy, cold-worked stress-relieved 3AI-2.5V atomic number 22 alloy.
➱The present elongations ar comparable.
➱This beta alloy is additionally abundant less notch sensitive than 3AI-2.5V atomic number 22 alloy.
➱Possible region applications like craft hydraulic line and engine conduit.
➱The alloy’s strength could also be accrued up to five hundredth by an easy age hardening treatment following fabrication.

Alloy 29-4C➱



➱A high purity ferritic stainless-steel having wonderful roughness and crevice corrosion resistance in high chloride environments like brine.
➱It usually has superior crevice corrosion resistance to alternative commercially out there unstained steels and represents a balance between corrosion resistance and economy.

Alloy 690➱



➱A solid solution-ed reinforced nickel base alloy having wonderful corrosion resistance to a broad vary of environments, each at close and elevated temperatures.

Alloy 2205➱



➱A duplex unstained having a fine grained micro structure consisting of regarding five hundredth solid solution in an exceedingly primary solid solution matrix.
➱The alloy is superior to 316 and 317 in several things and has double the yield strength of 304.

Inconel 617➱



➱A nickel-chromium-cobalt-moly alloy exhibiting wonderful heat strength and oxidization resistance.
Developed to be used in craft engines, thermocouple junction protection tubes and heater tubes.

Incoloy 825➱



➱A nickel-iron-chromium alloy containing Mo and copper to form it terribly immune to reducing environments like element or oxyacid.
➱It is conjointly immune to chloride stress corrosion.

1524 Steel➱



➱A high strength low alloy containing high Mn.
➱Useful for prime pressure fuel injection systems.

5% metallic element Steel➱



➱A low carbon five-hitter chromium/.50% alloy steel helpful for warmth money changer conduit.

9260 Steel➱



➱A high steel containing one.00% Mn and a couple of.00% atomic number 14.
➱It possesses properties of toughness and fatigue resistance.
➱The analysis conjointly points to a cost-effective alloy.

Ferralium➱



➱A twin section ferritic-austenitic stainless-steel which mixes high mechanical strength and malleability with outstanding corrosion resistance, particularly to reducing acids.
➱It is kind of like our alternative twin section alloy 2205.

29-17 (Kovar)➱



➱A nickel-cobalt vacuum dissolved flow enlargement alloy used for creating tight seals with more durable Pyrex glasses and ceramic materials.
➱It has found use in electronic applications like diodes and integrated circuits.




Please Click here for More Civil Engineering Updates

Concrete- Properties , Types and Mix

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Concrete- Properties , Types and Mix
Concrete

Properties of Concrete

Segregation(parts or substances disperses)  in concrete is because of particle segregation in concrete purposes and makes use of, through which particulate solids tends to get segregated by high quality or property of variations within the measurement, density, form and different properties of particles of which they’re composed.The concrete stoop check measures the consistency of contemporary concrete earlier than it units.

The workability check(or stoop check) carried out to test the workability(the property of concrete to ease of compaction, transportation and pouring) of freshly made concrete or concrete combine. It may also be used as an indicator of an improperly combined batch.Simply outlined, stoop is a measure of the consistency of contemporary concrete.

The stoop check or check of workability is a quite simple and straightforward check. it the apparatuses The stoop cone is a proper round cone that’s 12 inches excessive. The base of the cone is eight inches in diameter and the highest of the cone is four inches in diameter.Bleeding in contemporary concrete refers back to the course of the place free water within the combine comes upward to the floor as a result of settlement of heavier stable particles comparable to cement and water. Some bleeding is regular whereas some extreme bleeding can create issues on concrete.

Make certain that the chilly climate concrete has been cured and don’t allow hardened concrete to dry out.

Keep ice from forming – Once ice is fashioned, the hydration stops and the power growth is intensively impaired. Fresh concrete frozen through the preliminary 24 hours can lose 50% of its power of 28 day power!

What Should be salary of engineers

Pouring Concrete vs Pouring Rain

If it rains in the course of the interval when the concrete is contemporary (about 2-Four hours after mixing), the entire floor ought to be protected(no rain drops ought to enter) from the rain. If the ending course of was just lately achieved, rainwater could not trigger any injury so long as it has not labored into the floor even and the slab is out of contact.

What is soil exploration in Civil Engineering

Grades of concrete

Concrete is acknowledged and designed  by its grades which is designed as M15, M20 and many others. by which letter M represents the concrete combine and quantity 15, 20 represents the required compressive energy (fck) of 150mm dice at 28 days  in N/mm2.

What is concrete explain?


What is concrete used for?

Concrete Honeycomb



Water cure:-Curing

The most important strategies of  curing of concrete is flooded, ponded, or mist sprayed. These are the simplest curing technique and strategies for the stopping combine from water evaporation. Make positive sufficient time is given to concrete for curing.

Water retaining methods:

Use coverings corresponding to sand, canvas, burlap, or straw which might be stored constantly moist.Other reactive penetrating sealers (silanes and siloxanes) and most high-performance coatings, corresponding to epoxies and urethanes, be certain these to be utilized solely after the concrete is absolutely cured (usually 28 days). Almost all sealers can used after the concrete hag achieved the age of  28 days.

The typical vary Taken is in between the vary of  9.5 mm and 37.5 mm in diameter. – Fine aggregates are normally sand or crushed stone that are beneath the vary 9.55 mm in diameter. Normally essentially the most usable widespread measurement of mixture which is utilized in development is 20 mm. 40 mm measurement of mixture is widespread in mass concrete.

The water–cement ratio is the ratio of the burden of water to the burden of cement used within the combine. A decrease water cement ratio outcomes the upper power and sturdiness, however it might trigger the combo troublesome to work with and type.

Workability might be resolved with the usage of plasticizers or super-plasticizers.Superplasticizers, also called excessive vary water reducers, are chemical admixtures used the place well-dispersed particle suspension is required.

The addition of superplasticizer within the truck throughout transit is a reasonably new improvement inside the business.A concrete combination ratio of 1 half cement, three components sand, and three components mixture will produce a  mixture of practically 3000 psi. the Mixing of water with the cement, sand, and stone will create a paste which can bind the components collectively till the combo is hardened.

Concrete honeycombing is normally brought on by just a few widespread components, together with: An absence of integrity on the perimeter type boards on the time the concrete is being poured.the uneven or not in correct ratio of cement to water ratio that outcomes poor workability concrete. Poor consolidation practices or inefficient technique of vibration.

Concrete- Properties , Types and Mix
Concrete honey combing


Concrete Mix Ratio

In order to fight this downside, footings are positioned 6 inches beneath the frost line. The frost line is the utmost depth the place the bottom stage will get freeze within the winter.  If the kinds are eliminated too quickly, the concrete can start to sag, crack and collapse, particularly if situations like temperature affected its energy.

The fineness of fantastic mixture (cement) is measured by sieving it on commonplace sieves. The proportion of cement of which the grain sizes are bigger than the desired mesh dimension is thus decided.Water–cement ratio.

Workability may be resolved with using plasticizers or super-plasticizers.Empty the combo right into a mortar tub or wheelbarrow and kind a despair in the course of the combo. Measure the really useful and required amount of water (every 80-pound bag of concrete combine would require about Three quarts of water). it will likely be the Pour roughly of  2/Three of the water into the despair.

If utilizing liquid cement shade, add to the blending water.Allow Proper Time to Water Cure. when the concrete is positioned or poured, the energy of concrete will increase in a short time in a interval of 3-7 days.

Concrete which is moist cured for 7 days is about 50% stronger than uncured concrete.Mortar is used to carry constructing supplies equivalent to brick or stone collectively. It is shaped of or composed of a thick combination of the components water, sand, and cement.The water to cement ratio is greater in mortar than in concrete in an effort to kind its bonding aspect.


Types of concrete

Workability may be resolved with using plasticizers or super-plasticizers.Sand is the most typical mixture additive to cement however it’s not the one choice. You can use many different aggregates together with crushed stone, gravel and chunks of previous concrete.

You can combine cement with out sand if you happen to use different aggregates.Cement is made by heating powdered limestone with clay. Cement is a element in mortar and concrete: mortar, used to bind or create bond between joints of  bricks collectively, is ready by including cement in sand and water combine.

Concrete is made by mixing cement with sand, water and mixture (crushed rock).Lime is used extensively for wastewater therapy with ferrous sulfate. The rocks and minerals from which these supplies are produced or generated, usually  limestone and chalk, are composed of calcium carbonate primarily.

Materials that has the sufficient amount of calcium compounds, silica, alumina and iron oxide are crushed,  screened and positioned in a rotating cement manufacturing kiln. Ingredients used on this course of are usually supplies akin to limestone, sandstone, marl, shale, iron, clay, and fly ash.Empty the combination right into a mortar tub or wheelbarrow and type a melancholy in the midst of the combination.

If utilizing liquid cement colour, add to the blending water.On common, the price of putting in a cement slab can run between $three and $12 per sq. foot of area. However, that quantity could also be larger or decrease relying on whether or not the terrain wants in depth work beforehand, the concrete thickness is uncommon or the house owner helped put together the positioning.


What is structural Engineering

CONCRETE MIXING RATIOS


Another “old rule of thumb” of blending concrete ingedients is 1 half cement : 2 half sand : three half gravel by quantity. Mix correctly(in order to get uniform combine) the dry substances and slowly add water into the dry combine till the concrete is workable.

This combination might must be modified relying on the mixture used to supply a concrete of the fitting workability.Concrete is a heterogeneous (composite) materials consisting of cement, water, advantageous aggregates and coarse aggregates.Otherwise it’s a heterogeneous materials.

Cement could also be known as a homogeneous materials. But concrete is just not.Concrete Language. Abstract phrases denotes the intangible qualities, virtues, concepts, and ideas. These phrases reveals issues we all know solely by our intellectul thoughts, like “truth,” “honor,” “kindness,.” Concrete phrases check with tangible, qualities, virtues , properties or traits, issues we all know via our senses or data.

The Concrete is usually ready with these three primary elements: water, combination (rock, sand, or gravel) and cement. Cement, acts as a binding agent when it’s combined with water and aggregates.

The water causes the hardening and setting  of concrete combine via a course of known as hydration of cement. Hydration is a chemical response between cement,water and combination through which the foremost compounds in cement type chemical bonds with water molecules and turn out to be hydrates or hydration merchandise.

The particles in a mix are nonetheless composed of components and compounds, however they don’t seem to be all equivalent.Cement is a mix as a result of it’s composed of various kinds of compound particles.


STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

 


STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING


Problem-Solving Through Creative Approach in Structural EngineeringStructural Damage Assessments

In forensics, the knowledge and experience of all of us of structures plays a key role to understand how  environmental events and weather, building usage and gravity can affect the life of a structural part or the whole structure.

Experience and knowledge of structural engineering has reflected and shown also to us how construction and installation defects, deferred maintenance and substandard materials can result in any loss or damage. 

What is structural engineering exactly?

Building defects and deficiencies become more evident after weather and environmental events, such as flooding, tornados, and hurricanes. For example, wooden structural parts that has been exposed to long-term or repeated moisture contact may be structurally damaged from rot, microbial growth, potentially resulting in failure during what would otherwise be considered a non-damaging event.

Every region of the United States has its own geographical and climatic distinctions. The expert professionals at Stephens Engineering are well informed of the unique variables in construction and structural stability in your specific region.

Our professionals are knowledgeable in the building practices and process that results in sound construction and can investigate and identify construction defects readily. From years of experience, we understand the complex factors that need to come together to achieve a sound structure. We are uniquely qualified to complete structural-related damage investigations.

What is the work of structural engineering?

What are the basic structural elements?

You must Read about The Salary of Engineer

Flood Damage Investigations

Flood damage is a serious problem…one that needs to be addressed quickly and accurately. The experts at Stephens Engineering are experienced in investigating various types of structural- and foundation-related damage due to flooding. Flood damage investigations typically involve observation and assessment of the various building components
(foundations, pilings, framing, roofing and claddings, and inundated materials) that may have been removed, displaced or structurally compromised by the flood event.
Whether the damage is solely flood related or we are deciphering between flood vs. wind damage, we are prepared to evaluate the root cause and timeline of the damage.

What are the 3 types of structures?

What are examples of structure?

Building construction and process

Structural Collapse Examinations

Whether due to design or construction deficiencies, extreme wind loads from tornados and hurricanes, storm surge, earthquakes, tree or vehicle impacts, soil movement, material defects, decay/corrosion, or maintenance deficiencies, the Stephens Engineering experts can determine the proximate cause of the structural failure or collapse.
We primarily focus on the cause and extent of the damage and provide repair recommendations, if necessary. Each report is illustrated with photographs. Our report will locate and describe the claimed and unclaimed damage on the property and articulate a precise opinion based solely on the discovered evidence and research.


Construction Defects

The International Risk Management Institute (IRMI) defines a construction defect as “a deficiency in the design or construction of a building or structure resulting from a failure to design or construct in a reasonably workmanlike manner, and/or in accordance with a buyer’s reasonable expectation.” Deficiencies can result from design errors and/or omissions, the installation of defective, damaged, and/or inferior products or materials, and/or substandard workmanship.
Construction defects can cause physical damage to people or property or financial losses in the form of loss of use or value and/or increased expenses.


Roofing Damage

Stephens Engineering performs roofing damage assessments on residential and commercial buildings for all types of roofing (asphalt shingles, modified bitumen, roll roofing, metal, clay and concrete tile, EPDM, TPO, built-up roofing, and more).
From low-sloped roofs to elevated high-pitched roofs, our engineers can identify the difference between weather-related damage (hail and wind), installation defects, animal or man-made damage, new vs. old damage, or age-related deterioration.

Real Estate Foundation Inspections

Stephens Engineering Consultants, Inc. provides commercial and residential foundation inspections and assessments. Having a foundation inspection by an experienced structural engineer with help you to understand the real causes behind the damage and provide recommendations for remediation.
We know that a foundation inspection needs to be completed with great care and attention. For this reason, our foundation inspection service goes beyond the common “Level A” offered by home inspectors. In addition to a thorough visual inspection of the structure and foundation, our “Level B” foundation inspection includes:
  • A thorough, detailed foundation assessment that is accompanied by a computer-generated sketch of your foundation;
  • Interior observations of your interior floor plan, walls, and other areas;
  • Exterior drainage and damage inspection;
  • Review of the exterior landscaping and vegetative growth as it pertains to foundation performance;
  • A clear conclusion of our findings that is supported by quality photographs;
  • Engineering recommendations, if necessary, to assist with decisions concerning the best course of action.

salary of engineer-Best Salary Engineering job

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salary of engineer-Best Salary Engineering job

Which engineering has highest salary ?


What are the 6 types of engineers?


Types of highly paid engineering job 

There is a common that it requires 4 lines of work to be balanced for the well existence of the world. They are namely; Medicine, Arts, Law and Engineering. The closer your profession to these categories, the more you will earn and the more important you will be to the society; period. When it comes to engineering, you can comfortable say that every other thing that you utilize on daily basis are invented by engineering. That’s why you should consider doing engineering.

Here are 7 careers under engineering.


1-Building engineering



Have you always had a love for building skyscrapers? Does your definition of aesthetic includes a lot of buildings? If so, building engineering or high riser engineering is the profession for you. Being the textbook interpretation of the concept engineers, you will be able to earn a fortune if you were a committed person in this line of work.

What do building services engineers do?


What do you call a building engineer?

Still there is huge opportunity in the field of building engineering, as In the developing countries a lot of infrastructural development has to take place,

What is a building engineer salary?

The Salary of Building Engineers is Different in Various countries if we talk about united states the average salary for building engineers $70780 as of June 30, 2020. the salary vary between the rang of $61000 to $83300 per year,The range of salary whatever a building engineer may be receiving depends on many factors such as educational qualification, certifications, additional skills, number of years of experience he have etc.

How much does a building engineer make an hour?


What qualifications do you need to be a building services engineer?

And if we talk about the salary of building engineers in India, the salary is maximum 40 k INR per month in starting if he has degree in engineering from any reputed college of IIT, if he has diploma in engineering then the maximum salary is not more than 22 K INR per month, salary vary in the range of 30 to 40 K INR per month, for Degree holders,

salary of engineer-Best Salary Engineering job

2-Highway engineering


A country’s infrastructural facilities decide the economic growth and existence of the country. Roads of all types are one such component. Being well, qualified in this line of work will immensely be beneficial since the world doesn’t stop developing itself.

Why do we need to study highway engineering?

There is a lot of scope of highways in developing countries like India,Even Developed countries also are spreading the network of highways continuously for better connectivity and development,

The Salary of highway Engineers is Different in Various countries if we talk about united states the average salary for highway engineers $70500 per year as of June 30, 2020. the salary vary between the rang of $60000 to $82500 per year ,The range of salary whatever a highway engineer may be receiving depends on many factors such as educational qualification, certifications, additional skills, number of years of experience he have etc.

What do highway engineers do?

And if we talk about the salary of highway engineers in India, the salary is maximum 39 K INR in starting if he has degree in engineering from any reputed college of IIT, if he has diploma in engineering then the maximum salary is not more than 21 K INR per month, salary vary in the range of 35 to 40 K INR per month, for Degree holders,

salary of engineer-Best Salary Engineering job

3-Hydraulic engineering

Just like how the majority of our body is made out of water, the world cannot live without water. That’s why hydraulic engineering is a line of work where you can earn a lot while helping the development of the country. This involves the designing and maintenance of dams and things like that; they are quite interesting to learn.

What is the study of hydraulics?


Why is hydraulic engineering important?

The Average salary for hydraulic engineers is near about $ 55000, it ranges in between $53000 to $ 57000, and the minimum salary and an inexperienced individual is approx $ 37000, while the highest salary in approx $ 109000, The salary Varies depending on various factors such as described above.


What do you call a water engineer?


In The current times there is a big issue of conserving the water, That is why there is great opportunity in this field for the professionals, 


An aptitude for engineering and a vision that would help in effective management of water resources would be the most essential skills. Good business acumen, excellent project management skills, ability to work under pressure, good planning and organizing skills are some of the other qualities which will be of great help. He/she should be able to demonstrate a strong sense of responsibility, commitment, and dedication.


The most useful ans essential skill for a hydraulic engineer is an greater aptitude for engineering and a great vision, project management skills, being able to work under extreme pressure, better planning skill, better organizing skill and ability to understand all the technical and practical terms, these are the skills which helps an individual for better career growth, 

salary of engineer-Best Salary Engineering job

4-Mechanical engineering



Mechanical engineering is yet another field that has many sub branches in it. This is where you would learn about all the turbines, engines and everything where there cogs and whatnot. If you are into detailed mechanisms of vehicles, and heavy machinery, this is an amazing field to get yourself into.

Is mechanical engineering a stressful job?

There are many streams and function in mechanical engineering such as Design, construction, study, development, production, testing and inventing mechanical tools, engines, Machines, thermal sensors and devices, for fulfilling the human needs.

What the mechanical engineers do?


Is Mechanical Engineering a good career?

There are many branches in mechanical engineering such as automobile engineering, Power plant engineering, manufacturing engineering etc.

What are the types of mechanical engineering?

Mechanical engineers has to work in offices generally but many times they have to go for visit the sites also to check and solve the issue if any occurs,In Construction industries the mechanical engineers has to spent half time on sites to maintain the productivity and better utilization of equipment, working on sites.

Generally mechanical engineers need Bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering stream or mechanical automobile engineering.

There is a anticipated statics that the growth in mechanical engineering will be 9 % in the period of 2016 to 2026 according to Bureau of Labor statistics.

According to Bureau of Labor statistics reports the income of Mechanical engineers in mid 2016 was $ 84195 Per year, in current time the salary of Mechanical engineers is minimum $ 700000 Per year.


5-Mechatronic engineering



This line of work is a combination of electronic and mechanical engineering in the right amounts. If you have found yourself to be interested in robotics and even nanotechnology, this is the best field for you. You just could end up as the first engineer to construct a Transformer robot!

What mechatronic engineers do?


What should a mechatronics engineer know?

Mechatronics Engineers or Specialist have to work with designing control systems, Control systems for bottling or packaging of edible products, Massive industrial robots, prototype developments etc.

Is Mechatronics Engineering in demand?


Is Mechatronics Engineering a good career?

 Mechatronics Specialist have different job titles as following.

➱Service Engineer.
➱Instrumentation Engineer.
➱Systems Engineer.
➱Data Logging Engineer.
➱Software Engineer.
➱Control System Engineer.
➱Automobile Engineer.
➱Project engineer.

What are the subjects in mechatronics?

What is Mechatronics Engineering salary?

The Average Salary of Mechatronics Specialist is Approx $ 88800 Per year, and The Highest Salary is Approx $ 103380 Pers Year, This Data is As per the site Recruiter.

6-Electrical engineering



The world is in dark without electricity. In fact, electricity is what keeps the world running. The demand for electrical engineers will simply never go down since every day new projects start and every day huge power plants needs to be looked after.

The Salary of Electrical Engineers is also As per Mechanical engineers, Which Depends on Experience, Qualification, Skills, Etc.

What is the average starting salary for an electrical engineer ?


What is the highest salary for a electrical engineer?


Is Electrical Engineering a good career?


What skills do electrical engineers need?


7-Automobile engineering

If you’re a motor head, choosing this side of engineering will help you to educate yourself on the things you love. The demand for automobile engineers will always be high because the world of cars doesn’t die ever, so will your source of growing income.

Which course is best for automobile engineering?

What is the scope of automobile engineering?

Please click here for more updates

Ductility, Ductility Test of Bitumen,

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Ductility, Ductility Test of Bitumen
Ductility Test of Bitumen

What is ductility test ?

Ductility Test of Bitumen -Definition

Distance of Elongation(Length of elongation) In centimetres to which the bituminous material gives before breaking when the briquette specimen of that bituminous material is pulled at a specified temperature and at a specified speed.

Ductility Test of Bitumen

The purpose of the Ductility test of bitumen is as follows:-

➱To know and measure the Ductility of any Bituminous sample or specimen.

➱To know the suitability of the material Wherever (Road or other Construction) Works it is going to be used.

Which factors may affect the value of the ductility Test of bitumen?

Apparatus For Ductility Test of Bitumen

1- Testing Machine➱

The testing Machine for Ductility is Designed in such a way for pulling the Briquette of bituminous material apart, In This machine The Specimen is Submerged in water continuously While Both side clips are pulled apart Horizontally at a uniform speed of 50 + or – 2.5 mm per minute.

Ductility, Ductility Test of Bitumen
Ductility Testing Machine

You must Read What is Soil Exploration and Soil Investigation

What is the maximum value of the Ductility Test of Bitumen?

2- Briquette Mould➱

A Mould Made of Brass is used, At both Ends of the mould Circular holes Are Made To grip The Fixed and Movable Ends Of the machine These Circular holes are called Clips, The Dimensions of the Briquette specimen After the mould is Properly assembled are as follows.

➱The Total Length is 75.0 ±0.5 mm.

➱ The Distance Between the Clips is 30.0 ±0.3 mm.

➱ Width at Mouth at clip 20.0 ±0.2 mm.

➱Width of Briquette at minimum cross-section 10.0 ±0.1 mm.

➱Throughout Thickness 10.0 ±0.1 mm.

Ductility, Ductility Test of Bitumen
Ductility testing machine with briquette mould

What is bituminous or Asphalt layers and Asphalt 

3- Water Bath➱

A Water bath Preferably with a thermostat and a minimum capacity of  10 liters is used. It Maintains the Specified Testing temperature of 27.0 ±0.1 ℃.

4- Thermometer➱

A thermometer with a Capacity of 250 ℃ is used. Which can Read The temperature up to 0.01℃.

Principles of Ductility Test ➱

The Ductility test is performed as per standards in IS Code 1208-1978.
 

While Designing flexible pavements in road works, The Most essential and important factor is that the binder or the bituminous material should create a thin and ductile film all around the aggregate so that the physical interlocking of the aggregate gets improved, the ductility test of bituminous material gives the adhesive properties of bitumen and it’s the ability to get stretched.

The Distance in centimetres between two ends of a standard briquette specimen After elongation before breaking in Bituminous material due to being pulled apart at a specified temperature and speed is called the Ductility of That particular bituminous material.

If The binder material used in road construction has less ductility than specified, it will get cracked when it is subjected to repeated traffic loads. and will give a pervious pavement surface.

Ductility, Ductility Test of Bitumen
Laying of flexible pavement

What is the Wet mix macadam Layer and How is it Constructed

Procedure of Ductility Test➱

➱The Ductility test shall be conducted at a temperature of 27 ±0.5 ℃ and at a rate of pulling of 50 ± 2.5 mm/minute ( This Temperature and rate pull is taken in normal testing unless otherwise specified)

➱Melt the bitumen to be tested to a temperature of  75 to 100 ℃ above its approximate softening point till it becomes fluids.

➱Assemble the mould on a brass plate and coat on all the sides with a mixture of glycerin and dextrin of equal parts to avoid sticking of the material.

➱Fill the mould until it is more than level full.

➱In filling the mould, pour the material in a thin stream back and forth from end to end of the mould.

➱Leave it to cool at room temperature for 30 to 40 minutes and then place it in a water bath maintained at a specific temperature for 30 minutes.

➱Cut off excess bitumen by means of hot straight-edged putty knife level full.

➱The Brass Plate and mould with briquette specimen will be placed in water after cutting the excess bitumen and it will be kept at a specified temperature for about 85 to 90 minutes.

➱Remove the briquette from the plate, detach the sidepieces and test the briquette immediately.

➱While the test is being conducted, make sure that the water in the tank of the testing machine covers the specimen above by at least 25 mm and is maintained continuously within ±0.5 ℃ of specified temperature.

➱Attach rings at each end of the clips to the hooks in the testing machine and pull the two clips apart horizontally at a uniform speed as specified until the briquette raptures.

➱Measure the distance in centimetres through which the clips have been pulled to produce rapture.

➱At least Three determinations shall be made for each test.

 Report ➱

➱Report the average of three normal tests as ductility of the sample, providing that, the three determinations are within ± 5 % of their mean value.

➱If the Value of three determinations does not lie within ± 5 % of their mean value but the two higher are within ± 5 % of their mean value, then record the mean of the two higher values as the test results.

Precision➱   

➱The Duplicate test results should not differ by more than the values Given Below (For Road work).

Repeatability  Reproducibility 
10 % of mean value 20 % of the mean value

Precautions In Ductility test➱

➱In the Filling of mould care shall be taken to see that no air bubbles shall be formed, and not to disarrange the parts and thus distort the briquette.

For More Updates on Civil Engineering Click Here

Soil Exploration – Types and purpose,Soil Investigation

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Soil Exploration - Types and purpose,Soil Investigation

Definition of Soil Exploration➪

➱Collecting data from site or field, Testing in laboratory and investigation of the samples collected for the purpose of design, and construction and structures is called the soil Exploration.

➱Many aspects , choice of foundation, settlement analysis of soil, the bearing capacity of soil and all other properties depends on various engineering properties of soil.

 these properties are to be determined by some field as well as the laboratory test . So, the here in this post,we will discuss mainly on the field test those are conducted to determine these required properties.

Soil Exploration - Types and purpose,Soil Investigation

What is the purpose of soil exploration ?


What detailed exploration ?.

The primary objective of a soil exploration are-

➱Determination of the nature of the deposit of the soil, depth and the thickness of the each soil layer Strata,

  As we know that soil is a layered material . So, what is the thickness of each layer and at what depth it starts and end. all of  these the information are necessary for designing a foundation .

➱The Determination of the Engineering properties of the soil and rock strata that affects the performance of the structure.

➱Determination of the in-situ properties by performing field tests.

Soil Exploration - Types and purpose,Soil Investigation

You must read about The building Construction process and Materials

Soil Strata Required➱

Soil Profile➱

➱The thickness of layer, the soil identification, the starting and the end date of the each layer is also very much important.

 Index properties➱

➱water content, atterberg limit etc.

The strength and comprehensibility characteristics-

➱Friction angle(phi), compression index (Cc), OCR (Over Consolidated Ratio).

What is OCR➱

The over consolidated ratio- I have mentioned about the normally consolidated soil and the over consolidated soil . for the over consolidated soil this OCR value is taken as 1. Because in the normally consolidated soil, you have the present stress which is greater than the maximum past stress, which is soil is experienced .

So, here we assume that for the normally consolidated soil, this OCR value is 1, but for the over consolidated soil where the present stress is less than the stress,which the soil is already experienced , here this ratio is the past maximums experience stress of the soil divided by the present stress that we are applying .

 So, I have already discussed that how we can determine the maximum past effective overburden stress or maximum past stress, that soil is experienced by casagrande  method, we can get that value from e log p curve, and applying the Casagrande method we can determine what is PC . So, that PC is the past maximum effective overburden stress that this soil is experienced.

The ratio between the maximum past stress the soil is experienced and the present stress.

➱Others things (the water table depth),

What are the methods of soil exploration ?

The direct method – test pits➱

➱The test pits or trench are open type or Accessible open type of exploratory method,

➱The soil can be inspected in it’s natural condition.

So, we can Obtain the soil sample from the site itself and those samples we can use to determine the soil properties in the laboratory.

The soil samples can be brought to the laboratory and for determining the properties of the soil.

➱The test pits are suitable up to 3 meters depth(very small depth) and the cost of the this increases proportionally with depth.

➱When The depth of strange is increased, Providing lateral support is must that is why the cost of this is increases with the increase in depth.that is why this method is suitable for sample small depth only up to 3 meter,

What is bituminous layer or Asphalt layer 

Semi direct methods – boring➱

➱Boring we have to do, to collect the soil sample for a particular specific depth and those soil sample we use for our laboratory test to determine the soil properties. Sometimes these boring are also required to conduct the field test for a particular depth .

What are the different types of exploration ?.

➱The common methods of boring are

➮Augur boring,
➮wash boring,
➮rotary drilling
➮and percussion drilling .

What is Wet mix macadam layer 

 Auger boring ➱

➱This soil auger(a device) we use for the advancing of a borehole in construction of a bore hole in the ground, it will also use to collect the soil sample and those soil samples we use for the laboratory test.

➱Auger may be hand operated or powered even If it is the hand operated then we can use it for relatively small depth up to 3 to 5 meter. If it is a power driven, then we can use this method up to a greater depth up to 60 to 70 meter in case of continuous light auger. Boring can be done up to 60 to 70 meters if The augur is a power driven augur.

➱Auger boring is easy and useful in case of partially saturated sand silts and medium to steep cohesive soil.

Soil Exploration - Types and purpose,Soil Investigation
Soil Exploration - Types and purpose,Soil Investigation

What is Granular Sab base layer (GSB Layers)

Wash boring➱

➱wash boring is generally used below the ground water table for which the auger method is not useful or suitable.

➱This method may be used for all kind of soil except those mixed with gravel and boulder .

➱A casing pipe is pushed and driven into the soil with the help of drop weight;

Soil Exploration - Types and purpose,Soil Investigation

 Rotary drilling➱

➱This is can be used for sand clay and rock (unless this is badly fissured),

➱This is very fast method,

 ➱Even rock course may be obtained by using a suitable diamond  drill bits.

Soil Exploration - Types and purpose,Soil Investigation

Percussion drilling➱

➱This method cannot be used for loose sand and is slow if this process is low in plastic clay,

➱The formation gets badly disturbed by impact .

Soil Exploration - Types and purpose,Soil Investigation

What is Consistency test of Cement

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